9.2 FRQ

Following the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, the Scotland Neck City School Board, located in North Carolina, devised a plan to desegregate its schools. The plan created one district with 695 students. Of them, 57 percent were white, and 43 percent were African American. Then, 360 students would be placed in a second district, which planned to use the facilities of the formerly all-white Scotland Neck High School. Of those students, 350 were white, and ten were African American. Teachers, African American children, and parents challenged the plan. In United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board (1972), the Supreme Court invalidated the plan on grounds that it did not meet the goal of desegregating the schools.

Identify the provision of the Constitution that is common to both Brown v. Board of Education and United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board (1972).

Based on the constitutional clause identified in part A, explain why the facts of Brown v. Board of Education led to a similar holding in United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board.

Describe an action, other than filing a lawsuit, an interest group could take in an effort to advance civil rights.