STAAR Success - High School Biology - Practice #2

• Histone acetylation

• DNA methylation

• RNA interference

• Chromatin remodeling

• They are caused by misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to misfold.

• They result from viral infections that integrate into the host genome.

• They are inherited through mitochondrial DNA mutations.

• They involve autoimmune attacks on nervous tissue.

• Alternative splicing of mRNA

• Somatic hypermutation

• Gene duplication

• Transposon insertion

• It repairs mismatched DNA bases during replication.

• It adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes.

• It unwinds the DNA helix ahead of the replication fork.

• It synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase.

Group 2

Source 2.1

• A and C

• F and H

• G and H

• B and E

• The most recent common ancestor of all species shown.

• The divergence between species A and B.

• A unique evolutionary trait shared only by species G and H.

• A grouping of species with identical evolutionary histories.

Group 3

• It is the change in allele frequencies due to random sampling effects in small populations.

• It is the movement of alleles between populations through migration.

• It is the increase in advantageous alleles due to natural selection.

• It is the introduction of new alleles through mutation.

• A natural disaster drastically reduces the size of a population, altering allele frequencies.

• Individuals migrate between populations, introducing new alleles.

• A beneficial mutation spreads through a population over time.

• A population adapts to a new environment through selective pressures.

• It allows bacteria to sense and respond to population density.

• It enables bacteria to evade the host immune system.

• It involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

• It is a mechanism for antibiotic resistance.

Group 5

Source 5.1

• Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level.

• Producers contain less energy than consumers.

• Energy is gained as it moves up the trophic levels.

• Energy is recycled entirely by the decomposers.

Group 7

• It promotes cell cycle progression.

• It repairs damaged DNA.

• It induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage.

• It facilitates DNA replication.

• Diabetes

• Cancer

• Alzheimer's disease

• Cystic fibrosis

Group 8

Source 8.1

• The point where enzyme activity is inhibited.

• The maximum rate of reaction when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate.

• The rate of reaction at low substrate concentrations.

• The point where substrate concentration equals the Michaelis constant (Km).

• The enzyme's turnover number.

• The substrate concentration at half the maximum velocity.

• The inverse of the maximum reaction rate.

• The substrate concentration required to achieve Vmax.