STAAR Success - High School Biology - Practice #2

• Histone acetylation
• DNA methylation
• RNA interference
• Chromatin remodeling

• They are caused by misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to misfold.
• They result from viral infections that integrate into the host genome.
• They are inherited through mitochondrial DNA mutations.
• They involve autoimmune attacks on nervous tissue.

• Alternative splicing of mRNA
• Somatic hypermutation
• Gene duplication
• Transposon insertion

• It repairs mismatched DNA bases during replication.
• It adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes.
• It unwinds the DNA helix ahead of the replication fork.
• It synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase.

Group 2

Source 2.1

• A and C
• F and H
• G and H
• B and E

• The most recent common ancestor of all species shown.
• The divergence between species A and B.
• A unique evolutionary trait shared only by species G and H.
• A grouping of species with identical evolutionary histories.

Group 3

• It is the change in allele frequencies due to random sampling effects in small populations.
• It is the movement of alleles between populations through migration.
• It is the increase in advantageous alleles due to natural selection.
• It is the introduction of new alleles through mutation.

• A natural disaster drastically reduces the size of a population, altering allele frequencies.
• Individuals migrate between populations, introducing new alleles.
• A beneficial mutation spreads through a population over time.
• A population adapts to a new environment through selective pressures.

• It allows bacteria to sense and respond to population density.
• It enables bacteria to evade the host immune system.
• It involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria.
• It is a mechanism for antibiotic resistance.

Group 5

Source 5.1

• Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level.
• Producers contain less energy than consumers.
• Energy is gained as it moves up the trophic levels.
• Energy is recycled entirely by the decomposers.

Group 7

• It promotes cell cycle progression.
• It repairs damaged DNA.
• It induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
• It facilitates DNA replication.

• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Alzheimer's disease
• Cystic fibrosis

Group 8

Source 8.1

• The point where enzyme activity is inhibited.
• The maximum rate of reaction when all enzyme active sites are saturated with substrate.
• The rate of reaction at low substrate concentrations.
• The point where substrate concentration equals the Michaelis constant (Km).

• The enzyme's turnover number.
• The substrate concentration at half the maximum velocity.
• The inverse of the maximum reaction rate.
• The substrate concentration required to achieve Vmax.