ACT Success - Science - Practice #4

Group 1

Source 1.1

• High PG concentrations increase permeation rates universally across all substances.

• PG concentration primarily affects substances with smaller molecular structures, explaining the variability in permeation for each substance.

• P2’s permeation is independent of PG concentration because its molecular structure prevents interaction with PG.

• The substances with greater molecular polarity are more affected by PG concentration, increasing their permeation rates at higher PG levels.

• P3 would likely reach a higher permeation level across all PG concentrations, suggesting an exponential increase as PG concentration rises.

• P3’s permeation would stay relatively constant, as membrane porosity would have no impact on a PG-dependent process.

• P3 would show a quicker initial increase in permeation at low PG concentrations, with diminishing returns at higher concentrations.

• P3 would likely decrease in permeation at high PG concentrations due to the increased porosity allowing PG to bypass the membrane.

• P5 likely has a large molecular weight that prevents it from being affected by PG concentration. A follow-up experiment could vary the membrane thickness to see if permeation changes.

• P5 might share similar polarity and solubility properties with P2, making it unaffected by PG. A follow-up experiment could vary the temperature to test permeation response.

• P5 and P2 could both be hydrophobic, reducing their interaction with PG. A follow-up experiment could test different solvents besides PG.

• P5 may have a structure that makes it too large to pass through the membrane, regardless of PG concentration. Testing at higher pressures could determine if pressure influences permeation.

Group 2

Source 2.1

• The immediate-release formulation of Ingredient A is ideal for achieving a rapid therapeutic effect, but the extended-release version would be better for maintaining a steady level of the drug for chronic conditions.

• The extended-release formulation's delayed peak is due to a slower metabolic rate and would not be appropriate for treating acute conditions.

• The immediate-release formulation of Ingredient A provides a more stable concentration over time, making it better suited for chronic use.

• The results suggest that both forms would be equally effective for maintaining a stable plasma concentration.

• Increase the dose of Ingredient B in its immediate-release form, as this will prolong its effective concentration throughout the day.

• Administer Ingredient B in the extended-release form more frequently to increase its peak concentration without altering its release pattern.

• Reformulate Ingredient B with a higher initial concentration in its extended-release form to maintain a longer effective period.

• Switch to an extended-release formulation of Ingredient A instead, as Ingredient B does not provide adequate plasma concentration for extended periods.

• The curve would likely show two distinct peaks: an early sharp increase from the immediate-release component, followed by a sustained plateau from the extended-release portion, providing both immediate and prolonged effects.

• The combined formulation would likely show a single, high peak, as the immediate-release portion would mask the extended-release effect, resulting in a rapid decline after the initial absorption.

• The concentration curve would resemble the immediate-release form but taper off more slowly, making it indistinguishable from the extended-release version.

• The curve would remain flat, with no distinguishable peak, due to the canceling effects of the immediate- and extended-release components.

• The solubility of salt X decreases as temperature increases.

• The solubility of salt X is unaffected by temperature.

• The solubility of salt X increases as temperature increases.

• The solubility of salt X increases initially but then decreases at higher temperatures.

• Both Species A and Species B would grow faster at 90% light intensity.

• Species A’s growth rate would likely decrease, while Species B’s growth rate may remain steady or decrease slightly.

• Species B would grow faster, but Species A’s growth rate would remain constant.

• Both species would experience no change in growth rate.

• Catalyst B lowers the activation energy of the reaction more effectively than Catalysts A and C.

• Catalyst A prevents the reaction from occurring, while Catalyst C has no effect.

• Catalyst C is less stable than Catalyst B, which is why it is less effective.

• Catalyst A increases the activation energy required for the reaction.

• Enzyme Z activity would be higher than at pH 7.

• Enzyme Z activity would be absent at pH 5.

• Enzyme Z activity would be lower than at pH 7 but still present.

• Enzyme Z activity would be unaffected by pH changes.

Group 5

• Marine Biologist 1 only

• Marine Biologist 2 only

• Marine Biologist 3 only

• Both Marine Biologists 1 and 3

• Coral bleaching rates are higher in areas with warmer water temperatures, even where ocean acidity is stable.

• Coral reefs located far from agricultural runoff sources experience bleaching only during periods of high acidity.

• Coral reefs in colder, nutrient-poor waters exhibit higher bleaching rates when temperatures rise slightly.

• Coral reefs in areas with reduced CO2 emissions show fewer instances of bleaching than those in areas with higher CO2 emissions.