STAAR Success - High School Biology - Practice #1

• Mitochondria

• Free-floating DNA

• Nucleus

• Chloroplast

• Mutations in somatic cells for dark fur increased.

• Natural selection favored dark fur due to better camouflage.

• Mice with light fur selected darker environments.

• Migration of dark-furred mice into the area increased.

• Root and phloem

• Flower and xylem

• Root and xylem

• Stem and chloroplast

Group 2

Source 2.1

• Tentacles

• Mesoglea

• Zooxanthellae

• Nematocyst

Group 3

• Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Neurospora crassa and Candida albicans

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa

• Candida albicans and cytochrome C

• The species share many anatomical similarities.

• The species have high molecular homology.

• The species are able to reproduce.

• The species are both fungi.

• Mitochondria

• DNA sequences

• Nucleotides

• Ribosomes

Group 5

Source 5.1

• Insertion

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Frameshift

• The protein will remain unchanged.

• The mutation may change a single amino acid in the protein.

• The mutation will delete an entire amino acid from the protein.

• The mutation will add an additional amino acid to the protein.

Group 6

• Increased availability of nitrogen in the soil

• Decreased nitrogen absorption, leading to slower growth

• Enhanced biodiversity of plants in the area

• Increased soil pH, allowing more nutrient absorption

• Adding nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the soil

• Increasing the use of synthetic fertilizers

• Replacing nitrogen-dependent crops with non-nitrogen-dependent crops

• Planting crops with shallow root systems

• They decrease the energy required to start the reaction by stabilizing reactants.

• They bind irreversibly to substrates, increasing reaction rates.

• They change the equilibrium of a reaction, favoring product formation.

• They increase the energy required for the reaction to occur.

• Solar energy → heterotrophs → autotrophs → decomposers

• Autotrophs → decomposers → solar energy → heterotrophs

• Solar energy → autotrophs → heterotrophs → decomposers

• Decomposers → autotrophs → heterotrophs → solar energy

• The mutation changes the shape of the DNA helix, blocking transcription entirely.

• The mutation introduces a premature stop codon, halting protein synthesis early.

• The mutation causes an amino acid substitution, altering the protein structure.

• The mutation changes the promoter region, reducing gene expression.

• Glycolysis

• Photosynthesis

• Fermentation

• Aerobic respiration