Week 10 - The Road to Independence

In May 1775, colonial leaders gathered in Philadelphia for the Second Continental Congress. They met to decide how to respond to Britain’s refusal to recognize colonial rights. Delegates included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. The Congress created the Continental Army, printed money, and began acting as a government for the colonies. It was here that the idea of full independence began to take shape.

The Continental Army was formed in 1775 to defend the colonies against British forces. George Washington was chosen as its commander because of his leadership and experience. At first, the army had few supplies and little training. Still, the soldiers showed bravery and determination. They fought not just for land, but for the right to govern themselves and live freely.

The American Revolution was fought not only by soldiers, but also by ordinary men, women, and families. Women like Abigail Adams and Molly Pitcher helped by cooking, carrying water, and even fighting in battle. African Americans and American Indians also played important roles, often choosing sides based on which offered freedom or protection. Farmers, merchants, and children all found ways to support independence.

Even after fighting began, many colonists still hoped for peace. The Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, asking him to end the conflict. The king refused to read it and declared the colonies in rebellion. This rejection convinced many colonists that peaceful solutions were no longer possible. Independence became the only answer.

The Battle of Bunker Hill was one of the first major battles of the Revolution, fought in June 1775 near Boston. Colonial soldiers built defenses on Breed’s Hill and fought bravely against British troops. Although the British won the battle, they suffered heavy losses. The fight proved that the colonists could stand up to one of the strongest armies in the world.

On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence, written mainly by Thomas Jefferson. The document explained why the colonies wanted to separate from Britain. It declared that all people have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration marked the birth of the United States and inspired freedom movements around the world.

Before the Declaration was written, the first shots of the Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. No one knows who fired first, but the conflict sparked the war between Britain and the colonies. This event became known as “the shot heard ’round the world,” symbolizing the beginning of a fight for liberty that would inspire people everywhere.