Ch. 26-27 MCQs
Answer the following questions using the sources and your knowledge of world history.
Group 1
Questions 1-3 refer to the passage below
“By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.
One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented.”
*a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community.
Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909
Question 1a
The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century?
The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States
The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution
The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories
The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production
Question 1b
Great Britain’s development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to
use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production
use natural resources from colonies to create finished products
use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods
take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition
Question 1c
Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph?
The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.
The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles.
The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world.
The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.
Group 2
Questions 4-6 refer to the passage below
“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.
The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.
When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”
Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s
Question 2a
On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children
Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men
A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor
An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages
Question 2b
Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?
The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies
The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation
The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies
The emergence of transnational businesses
Question 2c
Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?
The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men
Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies
Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure
Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies
Group 3
Questions 7-9 refer to the image below
PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857
The title of the photograph is “French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau, Class Taught by Monsieur Depielle.” The writing on the chalkboard reads: “My children, love France, your new homeland.”
Question 3a
The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa?
European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate
European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations
European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule
European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations
Question 3b
The ability of the French colonial government in Algeria to establish schools for the native Algerian population can best be seen as part of which of the following broader developments in European colonialism in the late nineteenth century?
Some European states established trading-post empires.
Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.
Some European states faced native resistance to their colonization efforts.
Some European states used Social Darwinism to justify their military subjugation of colonial peoples.
Question 3c
The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following?
Economic competition between European states fostering the creation of transnational business that sought to exchange raw materials from Europe for finished goods from colonies
Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers
Rapid population increases in European colonies in Asia encouraging European states to create new colonies for migrants to settle
Revolutions in Europe leading European states to seek troops from colonial populations
Group 4
Questions 10-12 refer to the passage below
“The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20–30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days.
Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal.”
Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882
Question 4a
The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following?
The establishment of direct parliamentary rule
The strengthening of the samurai class
The modernization of Japan’s military
The abolition of private property rights
Question 4b
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century?
Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.
Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development.
Japan’s economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power.
Russia’s industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan’s industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.
Question 4c
The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan’s adoption of which of the following foreign policies?
A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences
A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states
A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states
A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states
Group 5
Questions 13-15 refer to the table below
INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854–1910
Question 5a
Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?
The growth of Great Britain’s textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution
The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India
The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies
The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies
Question 5b
The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century?
Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.
Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers.
Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies.
Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.
Question 5c
The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period?
Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semi coerced labor.
Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities.
Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.
Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies’ governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.
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