Ch. 22 MCQs

Group 1

Source 1.1

• low wages of workers in industrial societies

• resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers

• persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices

• decrease in family size associated with greater income

• Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing

• The emergence of social reform movements

• The development of better transportation infrastructure

• The increasing demand for consumer goods

• The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms

• The decline in the popularity of organized religions

• The development of new class identities

• The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

Group 2

Source 2.1

Source 2.2

• The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy

• The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

• The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution

• The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing

• A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal

• The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries

• A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

• The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification

• Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.

• Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

• The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.

• As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.

• oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy

• the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations

• the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

• a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance

Group 3

• low education levels of urban residents and the scarcity of schools

• increasing pressure for greater political representation of new industrial towns in national governments

• declining wealth of the traditional landed aristocracy in comparison to factory owners and industrialists

• continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

• lower prices for consumer goods made possible by industrialization

• higher wages available for industrial work as compared to agricultural work

• high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century

• failure of urban governments to create infrastructure and public health services in rapidly growing cities

• The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories

• The adoption of protective legislation for workers that encouraged people to seek industrial jobs

• The abolition of slavery that made plantation agriculture less profitable

• The migration of people from colonial areas to Europe in search of better economic opportunities

Group 4

Source 4.1

• Its location on an island group separate from continental Europe

• Its abundance of iron ore

• Its cold climate, unsuitable for cultivating many crops

• Its plentiful domestic sources of gold and silver

• cheap electrical power needed for industrial production

• access to leisure activities for the growing middle class

• a source for improved sanitation for the rapidly urbanizing population centers

• a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

• The factory system produced the surplus labor that led large numbers of British people to emigrate overseas, and the new transportation infrastructure enabled those migrants to make their journeys.

• The factory system concentrated the working classes in cities, and new transportation infrastructure allowed governments to better monitor and police these workers.

• The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.

• The factory system led to an ever-greater degree of specialization of labor and, by doing so, helped meet the railway industry’s need for highly skilled workers.

Group 6

• The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction

• The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises

• The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods

• The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

• The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

• Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries.

• Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers.

• The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.

Group 7

Source 7.1

• low wages of workers in industrial societies

• resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers

• persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices

• decrease in family size associated with greater income

• Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing

• The emergence of social reform movements

• The development of better transportation infrastructure

• The increasing demand for consumer goods

• The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms

• The decline in the popularity of organized religions

• The development of new class identities

• The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

Group 8

Source 8.1

• The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe.

• The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.

• The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions.

• The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America.

• Although Asia had a smaller number of vessels than Africa had, it had a far larger share of world trade.

• Asia’s percentage of world trade was only slightly less than that of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania combined.

• Asia’s total number of sailing vessels was nearly half that of Latin America and Europe.

• Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.