APWH Unit 1-4 Stimulus Based MCQ Exam #2 (1200-1750)

Group 1

Source 1.2

• Fragmentation of political authority alongside cultural and religious unity
• The total collapse of Islamic trade networks after the Abbasid decline
• The unification of all Muslim lands under a single centralized caliphate
• Isolation of Islamic societies from the wider Afro-Eurasian exchange system

• Emergence of new Islamic political entities, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples.
• Chinese maritime restrictions limiting travel into the Indian Ocean.
• Intensification of European naval dominance in the 1200s
• Spread of Orthodox Christianity into Central Asia

• Thriving commercial exchange supported by shared Islamic institutions
• Consistent enforcement of a single legal system with no regional variation
• Continued use of Arabic as a universal administrative language
• Dependence on European merchants to sustain long-distance trade

Group 2

• A decentralized commercial system operating through shared norms
• Declining cultural diversity due to Mongol maritime control
• State monopolization of seaborne trade by Chinese officials
• Widespread naval warfare disrupting long-distance exchange

• Environmental knowledge significantly shaped exchange networks
• Merchants avoided open-sea routes due to unpredictable weather
• Islamic rulers imposed strict regulations on seasonal travel
• European navigators dominated monsoon-driven trade by 1300

• European arrival in the Indian Ocean using armed trading ships
• Collapse of Chinese maritime production during the Ming dynasty
• Complete shift of global commerce to overland Silk Road routes
• Isolation of Islamic states following Ottoman territorial losses

Group 3

Source 3.2

• Expansion of commercialized production for internal and external markets
• Decline of artisanal industries due to Mongol taxation
• Replacement of women’s labor with mechanized textile machines
• Abandonment of luxury goods in favor of subsistence agriculture

• Growth of long-distance trade networks connecting multiple empires
• Decrease in demand for Asian manufactured good
• European dominance of luxury-goods production
• Decline of merchant activity under the Yuan dynasty

• Persistence of gendered labor roles within household production
• Equal division of artisanal labor between men and women
• Widespread social mobility for Chinese peasant families
• Decline of household-based industry after 1200

Group 4

Source 4.2

• Land-based empires expanded using gunpowder technologies
• Political authority shifted from monarchs to elected assemblies
• Maritime empires replaced agrarian empires entirely
• Asian empires declined due to European industrialization

• A split between Shia and Sunni’s within Islam
• Competition for control of major trans-Atlantic trade routes
• Expansion of Christian missionary activity in Central Asia
• Widespread abandonment of gunpowder weapons

• become key intermediaries in Afro-Eurasian commercial exchanges
• avoid interaction with European states entirely
• shift their economy toward trans-Pacific trade
• eliminate the need for tribute or taxation

Group 5

• Weak royal control over settler elites in the Americas
• Full economic independence granted to indigenous communities
• Rapid decline of plantation agriculture due to climate change
• Replacement of coerced labor with fully free wage labor

• Conflict between metropolitan policies and local settler interests
• Native insistence on maintaining pre-contact economic systems
• Reliance on indigenous rulers to administer Spanish colonies
• Decentralization of imperial rule through representative assemblies

Group 6

Source 6.2

• Widespread decline of global trade following the Columbian Exchange
• Introduction of American crops that increased caloric intake
• Reduction of epidemic diseases due to worldwide quarantine systems
• Deindustrialization of Asian textile centers

Group 7

• Decline of long-distance commerce following the fall of Ghana
• Enhancement of royal authority through regulation of trans-Saharan trade
• Isolationist economic policies aimed at avoiding foreign influence
• Forced relocation of merchants to strengthen agricultural production

• Exclusive reliance on Indian Ocean trade for luxury goods
• West Africa’s integration into Afro-Eurasian exchange networks
• Shift from gold to silver as Mali’s main export
• Decline of caravan trade due to Mongol prohibitions

• Limiting the spread of Islam among Mali’s ruling class
• Ensuring the state could tax and monitor commercial activity
• Encouraging merchants to abandon trans-Saharan routes
• Transitioning Mali toward a maritime trading-post empire

Group 8

Source 8.2

• Decline of diplomatic travel across Central Asia
• Increased safety and reliability of long-distance Eurasian trade
• Replacement of merchant guilds with imperial tax farming
• Widespread abandonment of the Silk Roads

• Growing resistance to Mongol cultural practices among conquered peoples
• State investment in infrastructure to promote communication and commerce
• Collapse of interregional exchange due to nomadic warfare
• Elimination of Central Asian pastoralism

• Complete unification of all Eurasian economies under one currency
• Accelerated transmission of goods, people, and diseases across Eurasia
• Decline of Chinese manufacturing due to overland trade disruptions
• End of Islamic scholarship in the Middle East

Group 9

• Systematic persecution of non-Mongol merchant groups
• Religious tolerance that supported commercial activity
• Prohibition on cultural exchange between different faiths
• Forced assimilation of all conquered peoples

• Collapse of Abbasid trade networks due to famine
• Pax Mongolica stabilizing trade routes across Eurasia
• European naval dominance in the Indian Ocean
• Spread of Orthodox Christianity through Central Asia

• Decline in Silk Road traffic due to unsafe passage
• Growth of cosmopolitan urban centers linking multiple regions
• Weakening of merchant influence in local economies
• End of diplomatic relations between Asian and European states

Group 10

Source 10.2

• Creating permanent Chinese colonies throughout the Indian Ocean
• Demonstrating imperial power and establishing tributary relations
• Converting Muslim merchants to Confucianism
• Replacing Silk Road caravans with European-style naval fleets

• Exclusive focus on domestic agriculture instead of trade
• State-sponsored maritime expeditions on an unprecedented scale
• Reliance on foreign navies to patrol Asian waters
• Collapse of Chinese shipping due to piracy

• Immediate collapse of Chinese economic influence globally
• Increased opportunity for European states to expand into the Indian Ocean
• Destruction of all Ming naval technology
• Rapid industrialization of South Asia

Group 11

• Establishment of large settler plantations in Southeast Asia
• Exclusive reliance on peaceful negotiation with local rulers
• Control of choke points to dominate maritime commerce
• Commitment to free and open trade

• The devshirme levy
• The mita labor draft
• The cartaz system
• The millet system

• Permanent elimination of Muslim trade in Southeast Asia
• Rapid decline of Indian Ocean commerce
• Disruption—but not replacement—of existing Asian merchant networks
• Conversion of all coastal societies to Christianity

Group 12

Source 12.2

• European abandonment of wheat cultivation
• Decline of global trade networks
• Population growth in Afro-Eurasia
• Demographic collapse in China

• Deliberate biological warfare by European monarchies
• Rejection of livestock domestication by European farmers
• Lack of immunity among Indigenous peoples in the Americas
• African resistance to exposure from Eurasian pathogens

• Decline of Indigenous hunting practices
• Reduced reliance on trade networks
• Major cultural and military transformations among Plains societies
• Emergence of plantation economies in North America

Group 13

• Decline of Native American involvement in commercial exchange
• Imposition of European agricultural systems on forest societies
• Dependency on Indigenous knowledge for participation in the fur trade
• Elimination of Indigenous trade networks

• Forced disarmament of Native groups
• Reduction of Indigenous access to metal tools
• Reshaping Indigenous warfare and alliances
• Decline of intertribal diplomacy

• Rapid industrialization in Indigenous villages
• Disappearance of European settlements in North America
• The rise of hybrid, culturally blended societies in New France
• Abandonment of French involvement in Atlantic commerce

Group 14

Source 14.2

• Decline of Chinese demand for textiles
• End of trans-Pacific navigation
• The first truly global circulation of silver and Asian manufactured goods
• Collapse of Spanish colonial rule

• Spanish colonies refused to use paper currency
• African merchants set global silver prices
• Chinese taxation policies created strong demand for silver
• Europeans produced large quantities of silver domestically

• Decline of merchant activity in the Indian Ocean
• Isolation of the Americas from Asian markets
• Integration of distant regions into unified trade networks
• Replacement of silver by spices as Europe’s primary import

Group 15

• Encouraging mass conversion to Christianity
• Ending Confucian rituals in favor of European practices
• Limiting foreign influence to preserve cultural stability
• Replacing scholar-officials with Jesuit advisers

• English promotion of Protestant missions in India
• Ottoman enforcement of uniform Shi’a Islam
• Tokugawa restrictions on Christianity in Japan
• Russian sponsorship of Enlightenment thought

• Full rejection of all foreign science and technology
• Rapid industrialization driven by missionary schools
• Selective engagement with European knowledge under controlled conditions
• Collapse of Confucian governance due to external influence

Group 16

Source 16.2

• Search for warm-water ports in the Indian Ocean
• Decline of serfdom and rise of wage labor
• Alliance with the Ottoman Empire for mutual expansion
• Pursuit of fur resources and control of Siberian populations

• Portuguese trading-post empire across maritime Asia
• Japanese isolation under the Tokugawa
• Ottoman reliance on Mediterranean naval power
• Spanish conquest of the Americas through gradual frontier expansion

• Spread of Enlightenment constitutionalism
• Decline of Orthodox Christianity
• End of serfdom
• Consolidation of tsarist power over noble elites

Group 17

• Direct election of company officers by colonial subjects
• Exclusive focus on missionary work rather than commerce
• Prohibition on government involvement
• Shared investment and risk among multiple stakeholders

• Decline of European maritime activity
• End of mercantilist restrictions on trade
• Refusal of monarchs to support overseas ventures
• Close collaboration between state power and private enterprises in imperial expansion

• Eliminating all competition among European nations
• Ending transoceanic connections
• Replacing monarchies with corporate governments
• Establishing European dominance in Indian Ocean and Atlantic commerce

Group 18

• Indigenous colonization of Iberian territories
• African-led expeditions into the Caribbean
• Decline of global trade networks
• European maritime expansion leading to conquest of the Americas

• Demographic advantage over Indigenous populations
• Long-standing alliances with Indigenous empires
• Immunity of Europeans to American diseases
• Military technology including steel weapons, horses, and firearms

• Indigenous conquest of European cities
• Rejection of Christianity by all involved
• Rise of Indigenous maritime empires
• Imposition of European rule and extraction of wealth

• Widespread immunity to Eurasian diseases
• Adoption of steel weaponry prior to European arrival
• Complete political unity among Indigenous states
• Internal political rivalries used by Europeans to form alliances

• End of global silver circulation
• Isolation of Europe from Atlantic commerce
• Eradication of Catholicism in the Americas
• Emergence of mestizo societies and cultural blending

• Equal partnership between European and Indigenous states
• Reliance on Indigenous military technology
• Lack of cultural exchange between groups
• Initial diplomacy masking underlying intentions of conquest

• Rapid industrialization of Indigenous societies
• End of Spanish involvement in the Americas
• Replacement of silver mining with subsistence farming
• Establishment of exploitative labor systems such as encomienda