AP Practice Exam - Section I: Part A
Answer the following 55 MCQs
Group 1
Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below
“To the most holy father, the Pope: Most of our kingdom of Hungary was reduced to a desert by the scourge of the Mongols’ invasion. Now, we receive news every day that the Mongols have again unified their forces and will soon send their countless troops against all of Europe. We are afraid that we will be unable to withstand the Mongols’ ferocity in battle unless the Pope is able to persuade other Christian rulers to send us aid to fortify our kingdom. When the Mongols invaded in 1241, we sent requests for military aid to the papacy, the Holy Roman Emperor, the king of France, and others. But from all of them we received only words of support. We, for shame, resorted to inviting pagan Cumans* into our kingdom. If, God forbid, our kingdom fell to the Mongols, the door would be open for them to invade the other regions of the Catholic faith from the Hungarian steppes. So, the people in our kingdom cannot cease to be amazed that you offer substantial help to the Christian territories overseas, which if they were lost would not harm the inhabitants of Europe more than if our kingdom fell.”
*a people who dwelled along the steppes of the Black Sea and in Central Asia
King Béla IV of Hungary, letter to Pope Innocent IV, circa 1250
Question 1a
Which of the following features of Europe in the period circa 1200–1450 most directly contributed to the fact that the king of Hungary did not receive the military assistance that he requested in 1241, as mentioned in the third paragraph?
(A) The existence of numerous feudal states that were frequently in conflict with one another
(B) The development of parliaments that could check royal authority
(C) The growing political power of regional trade organizations such as the Hanseatic League
(D) The religious divisions of Europe into Protestants and Catholics as a result of the Reformation
Question 1b
Béla IV’s statement in the fourth paragraph that the Hungarian people “cannot cease to be amazed” by the actions of the papacy most directly refers to the papacy’s failure to aid the Hungarians while
(A) sending missionaries to China
(B) supporting Christian conquests in the Iberian Peninsula
(C) initiating European military campaigns in the Middle East
(D) encouraging maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean
Question 1c
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain Béla IV’s reasoning for inviting the Cumans into Hungary as mentioned in the third paragraph?
(A) Cumans had settled in Hungary and had been granted local autonomy.
(B) Cuman slave soldiers had become the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
(C) Cumans were ethnic Turks who spoke a language intelligible to the Mongols.
(D) Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols’ military tactics.
Group 2
Questions 4–6 refer to the following two maps
Map 1 - Navigational Map Produced by Albino De Canepa, Genoese Mapmaker, 1489
The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River.
Map 2 - World Map, Produced By Henricus Martellus, A German Cartographer Working in Florence, Italy, Early 1490s
Question 2a
Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker’s depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2?
(A) Portugal’s development of maritime technology and navigational skills
(B) China’s naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin
(C) The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region’s commercial isolation
(D) The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands
Question 2b
A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
(A) The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research
(B) The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean
(C) The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states
(D) The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China
Question 2c
Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2?
(A) Western Europeans’ discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates
(B) The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean
(C) Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration
(D) Qing China’s resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system
Group 3
Questions 7-9 refer to the passage below
“Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: ‘Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566–1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant, prepared for him a design showing four minaret towers, each standing at one of the four corners of an enormous central prayer hall topped by a great dome. Each of the four minarets had three balconies, with separate staircases leading to each balcony. Previously only one Ottoman mosque had a minaret with three balconies, and its one minaret is like a thick tower. But the minarets I designed for Sultan Selim’s mosque are slender and elegant. The difficulty of putting three staircases in such slender structures should be obvious to anyone. Those among the Christians* who consider themselves architects used to say that no building can ever be covered by a dome that is larger than that of the Christian church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They used to claim that no Muslim architect would ever be able to build a mosque whose dome even approaches in size that of the Hagia Sophia. Yet in the Selimiye mosque, with the help of God and with the support of His Majesty the Sultan, I was able to build a dome that is about 10 feet higher and 6 feet wider than the dome of the Hagia Sophia.’”
*Sinan himself was born into an Ottoman Greek Christian family, but was converted to Islam when he began training for government service as a young boy.
Sai Mustafa Chelebi, Ottoman court official, biography of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, written circa 1600
Question 3a
Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph?
(A) The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture.
(B) Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism.
(C) By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance.
(D) Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers’ claims to political legitimacy.
Question 3b
Based on the intended purpose of Sinan’s biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be
(A) overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque
(B) understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque
(C) overstating Christian architects’ achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque
(D) intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect
Question 3c
Sinan’s service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450–1750 often relied on
(A) appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies
(B) mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion
(C) methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects
(D) members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order
Group 4
Questions 10–12 refer to the passage below
“Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than ‘supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.’ The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals—but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible.”
*a poisonous substance
“Remarks on the Opium Trade,” letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836
Question 4a
The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following?
(A) The economic decline of Asian states resulting from the importation of cheap consumer goods from Europe
(B) The growing economic influence of European immigrants in China
(C) The declining political power of European joint-stock companies in Asia because of states assuming direct imperial control
(D) The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states
Question 4b
As described in the second paragraph, the arguments made by the supporters of the opium trade were most similar to the arguments made in the early nineteenth century by supporters of the continued use of
(A) artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system
(B) mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade
(C) African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas
(D) women’s and children’s labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households
Question 4c
A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade
(A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China
(B) marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade
(C) was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution
(D) relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing
Group 5
Questions 13-16 refer to the map below
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, circa 1450-1900
Question 5a
Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map?
(A) The need for labor in new mining centers
(B) The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire
(C) The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations
(D) The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites
Question 5b
All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT
(A) the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas
(B) soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean
(C) American foods becoming staple crops in Africa
(D) air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuel
Question 5c
Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map?
(A) Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.
(B) Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards.
(C) African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam.
(D) African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.
Question 5d
The trade illustrated by the map contributed most directly to which of the following?
(A) The Glorious Revolution
(B) The French Revolution
(C) The Haitian Revolution
(D) The Cuban Revolution
Group 6
Questions 17-19 refer to the passage below
“Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own.”
Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Peru, 1533
Question 6a
Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550–1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?
(A) The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver
(B) American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia
(C) The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
(D) The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
Question 6b
The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450–1750 in that
(A) in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity
(B) in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
(C) in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity
(D) in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity
Question 6c
Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete’s depiction of the events in the passage?
(A) An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present
(B) An account by an Inca who was also present
(C) An account by another European of a similar event
(D) An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event
Group 7
Questions 20-22 refer to the passage below
“When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese ‘Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.’And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord’s Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, ‘Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.’ Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers.”
Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa 1540 C.E.
Question 7a
The activities of Inez de Leyria’s father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450–1750 C.E.?
(A) The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.
(B) The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China.
(C) Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China.
(D) The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.
Question 7b
The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following?
(A) The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia
(B) Technological developments in cartography and navigation
(C) Improvements in silver-mining technology
(D) The creation of laissez-faire state policies
Question 7c
The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following?
(A) Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China.
(B) Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China.
(C) Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.
(D) Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.
Group 8
Questions 23-25 refer to the passage below
“At that time, great disturbances erupted among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, harvest the grain, carry it to the barn, and perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, and wanted to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it.”
Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s
Question 8a
The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor?
(A) Slavery
(B) Military conscription
(C) Indentured servitude
(D) Serfdom
Question 8b
English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments?
(A) The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment
(B) Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases
(C) The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism
(D) Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures
Question 8c
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which most likely explains Froissart’s view of the peasants’ grievances discussed in the passage?
(A) Even though he was French, Froissart traveled to England to collect information for his chronicles.
(B) Peasant revolts were fairly common in medieval Europe.
(C) History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences.
(D) In addition to his chronicles, Froissart wrote a work of romance based on the legend of King Arthur.
Group 9
Questions 26-28 refer to the image below
The image below, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below.
Question 9a
The painting is best seen as evidence for which of the following?
(A) The lasting impact of the spread of Christianity through Afro-Eurasia during the period of the late Roman Empire
(B) The success of crusaders in spreading Christianity into East Africa
(C) The emergence of syncretic religions as Islam spread through East Africa in the period after the Muslim conquests
(D) The migration of Bantu peoples across Africa
Question 9b
The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?
(A) The use of art to glorify rulers
(B) The sponsorship of art by new elites
(C) Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations
(D) The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes
Question 9c
Ethiopia’s cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia’s interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?
(A) They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.
(B) They created an opportunity for Ethiopia to participate in the European alliance system.
(C) They strengthened Social Darwinist claims that Ethiopians were inferior to Europeans.
(D) They contributed to the isolation of Ethiopia from the emerging global labor network.
Group 10
Questions 29-31 refer to the image below
CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA
The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon.
Question 10a
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting?
(A) The Yuan dynasty’s potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan’s supremacy.
(B) The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan’s rule.
(C) The Yuan dynasty’s employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan’s rule.
(D) The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan’s claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
Question 10b
The inclusion of the caravan in the painting’s background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers
(A) favored some commercial trading organizations over others
(B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce
(C) shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes
(D) restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies
Question 10c
The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?
(A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China
(B) The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia
(C) The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia
(D) Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce
Group 11
Questions 32-36 refer to the chart below
CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580–1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies)
*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia.
Question 11a
For the period circa 1580–1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart?
(A) The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia
(B) The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire
(C) The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor
(D) The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes
Question 11b
For the period circa 1650–1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control.
(B) Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles.
(C) Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans.
(D) Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
Question 11c
Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?
(A) The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange
(B) The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
(C) Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills
(D) Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive tropical diseases
Question 11d
On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?
(A) European merchants’ role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia
(B) The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers
(C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver
(D) The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks
Question 11e
Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century?
(A) Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.
(B) European states developed military and medical technologies that enabled them to establish direct colonial control over most interior regions of Africa.
(C) Some European states encouraged the migration of large numbers of their citizens overseas, leading to the establishment of settler colonies.
(D) The emergence of anticolonial movements that used civil disobedience to achieve their goals made many traditional colonial products virtually impossible to produce on a large scale.
Group 12
Questions 37-39 refer to the two maps below
Map 1 - Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1683
Question 12a
The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following?
(A) The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers
(B) The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire’s use of gunpowder weapons
(C) The Ottoman Empire’s unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean
(D) The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate
Question 12b
Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2?
(A) The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire
(B) European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism
(C) Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world
(D) The decline of Silk Road trade routes
Question 12c
Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes seen in Map 2?
(A) Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam
(B) Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy
(C) Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals
(D) Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition
Group 13
Questions 40-42 refer to the passage below
“The state of monarchy is the supremist thing upon earth. For kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal similitudes that illustrate the state of monarchy. [Firstly] In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families, for a king is truly parens patriae [able to make legal decisions], the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man.”
King James VI [of Scotland] and I [of England], from a speech to Parliament, 1610.
Question 13a
In what method commonly used by monarchs in the 16th and 17th centuries was King James attempting to legitimize his rule with this speech?
(A) He was establishing his legal right to override the decisions of Parliament
(B) He was using his position as the head of the Church of England to validate his control over the people
(C) He was showing his compassion for the people of England by asserting that he was ruling with the will of God
(D) He was using religious doctrine to justify political legitimacy by asserting that he was ruling with the will of God
Question 13b
Which of the following is an example of how another European ruler attempted to reinforce his rule in this period?
(A) Philip II of Spain sealed off Spain from the threat of Protestantism
(B) Charles V of Spain defended Catholic dogma in the Counter-Reformation
(C) Louis XIV of France created the gigantic Palace of Versailles near Paris
(D) Charles I of England defeated his opponents in the English Civil War
Question 13c
Which of the following would be seen as a challenge to the concept asserted by James I in the speech above?
(A) Henry VIII’s split from the Roman Catholic Church
(B) John Locke’s arguments regarding the consent of the governed
(C) The reinstatement of the Stuart line with the return of Charles II to the throne
(D) The Bourbon monarch’s refusal to call the Estates General
Group 14
Questions 43-46 refer to the following two images
Image 1 - COAL MINE IN THE ENGLISH MIDLANDS, CIRCA 1750
Image 2 - COAL-SIFTING ROOM AT A MINE, WESTERN FRANCE, CIRCA 1850
Question 14a
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750?
(A) The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy
(B) The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy
(C) The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution
(D) The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing
Question 14b
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images?
(A) A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal
(B) The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries
(C) A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports
(D) The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification
Question 14c
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that
(A) oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy
(B) the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations
(C) the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
(D) a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance
Question 14d
The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?
(A) Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.
(B) Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.
(C) The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.
(D) As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.
Group 15
Questions 47-49 refer to the following image
Railroad Bridge Across the Nile
Question 15a
The image supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Industrialization’s impact was limited to Europe.
(B) Industrial revolutions occurred in several time periods.
(C) Industrial technology developed independently in multiple regions.
(D) Industrialization led to major developments and innovations in transportation.
Question 15b
British involvement in Egypt reflects which of the following larger processes in the nineteenth century?
(A) The closing of the income gap between classes globally.
(B) The use of warfare and diplomacy to expand European influence in Africa.
(C) The use of industrial technology to prevent colonial rebellions.
(D) The decline of cash crops and plantation systems in expanding empires.
Question 15c
Which of the following was the most likely use of railroads in colonies such as Egypt?
(A) To promote leisure activities for both Europeans and local populations.
(B) To encourage the building of factories in the colonies.
(C) To give local indigenous populations access to modern travel.
(D) To transport raw materials and military personnel.
Group 16
Questions 50-52 refer to the passage below
“The houses of Timbuktu are huts made of clay-covered wattles with thatched roofs. In the center of the city is a temple built of stone and mortar, built by an architect named Granata, and in addition there is a large palace, constructed by the same architect, where the king lives. The shop of the artisans, the merchants, and especially weavers of cotton cloth are very numerous. Fabrics are also imported from Europe to Timbuktu, borne of Berber merchants.
The women of the city maintain the custom of veiling their faces, except for the slaves who sell all the foodstuffs. The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers who have settled in the country.
Grain and animals are abundant, so that the consumption of milk and butter is considerable. But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from Taghaza, some 500 miles from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a load of salt sold for 80 ducats.”
Leo Africanus, a diplomat from al-Andalus, Spain, describes Timbuktu, ca. 1510 from his book, Description of Africa
Question 16a
What can be ascertained about Timbuktu in the early 16th century from the description?
(A) The city was an important trading center.
(B) Islam was the most important religion in Timbuktu.
(C) There were many female slaves in Timbuktu.
(D) The diet of the people of Timbuktu was limited.
Question 16b
Which of the following best describes the sociodemographic characteristics of Timbuktu in the early 16th century?
(A) There were more slaves than artisans in the city.
(B) Traders had settled in diasporic communities in parts of the city.
(C) Most people lived in the center of the city close to the palace.
(D) Women played a merely domestic role in Timbuktu.
Question 16c
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the spread of Islam to West African cities like Timbuktu?
(A) Muslim missionaries established Muslim monasteries and convents in major cities.
(B) Slaves traded to Mali brought their religion and transferred it to their owner.
(C) Mansa Musa promised a share of his extreme wealth to anyone who converted.
(D) Traders and Muslim Berbers brought Islam with them to commercial contacts beyond the Sahara desert.
Group 17
Questions 53-55 refer to the passage below
“The deprivation of natural, equal, civil, and political rights reduced...the lower orders to practice fraud, and the rest to habits of stealing...and murders. And why? Because the rich and poor were separated into bands of tyrants and slaves, and the retaliation of slaves is always terrible...every sacred feeling, moral and divine, has been obliterated, and the dignity of man sulied, by a system of policy and jurisprudence [justice] as repugnant to reason as at variance with humanity.
The only excuse that can be made for the ferocity of the Parisians is then simply to observe that they had not any confidence in the laws.”
Mary Wollstonecraft, an early feminist, An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, 1794
Question 17a
In this passage, Wollstonecraft uses which of the following Enlightenment arguments?
(A) Oppressive regimes are supported by Enlightened philosophy.
(B) Feudal ties between elites and peasants are necessary for civil society.
(C) The revolution in France was the result of natural rights abuses.
(D) The revolution in France was an immoral act against political and religious elites.
Question 17b
Wollstonecraft’s views on the Parisons could also be applied to what other events in the same time period?
(A) European elites exercising increased power in the American colonies.
(B) Slave resistance challenging authorities in the Americas.
(C) The increase in religious support for European political legitimacy.
(D) The response of government to early socialist thinkers.
Question 17c
Which of the following reactions to Wollstonecraft’s ideas would most likely come from nobles and church leaders?
(A) Recognition that natural law is the basis for all legal codes.
(B) Enactment of land reforms to eliminate tensions between classes.
(C) Encouragement of French society to embrace secularism.
(D) An attempt to maintain authority based on older legal and religious traditions.
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