AP Practice Exam - Section I: Part A

Group 1

• (A) The existence of numerous feudal states that were frequently in conflict with one another

• (B) The development of parliaments that could check royal authority

• (C) The growing political power of regional trade organizations such as the Hanseatic League

• (D) The religious divisions of Europe into Protestants and Catholics as a result of the Reformation

• (A) sending missionaries to China

• (B) supporting Christian conquests in the Iberian Peninsula

• (C) initiating European military campaigns in the Middle East

• (D) encouraging maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean

• (A) Cumans had settled in Hungary and had been granted local autonomy.

• (B) Cuman slave soldiers had become the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.

• (C) Cumans were ethnic Turks who spoke a language intelligible to the Mongols.

• (D) Cumans were nomadic warriors and were familiar with the Mongols’ military tactics.

Group 2

Source 2.1

Source 2.2

• (A) Portugal’s development of maritime technology and navigational skills

• (B) China’s naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin

• (C) The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region’s commercial isolation

• (D) The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

• (A) The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research

• (B) The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean

• (C) The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states

• (D) The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

• (A) Western Europeans’ discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates

• (B) The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean

• (C) Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

• (D) Qing China’s resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

Group 3

• (A) The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture.

• (B) Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism.

• (C) By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance.

• (D) Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers’ claims to political legitimacy.

• (A) overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque

• (B) understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque

• (C) overstating Christian architects’ achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque

• (D) intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect

• (A) appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies

• (B) mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion

• (C) methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects

• (D) members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order

Group 4

• (A) The economic decline of Asian states resulting from the importation of cheap consumer goods from Europe

• (B) The growing economic influence of European immigrants in China

• (C) The declining political power of European joint-stock companies in Asia because of states assuming direct imperial control

• (D) The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states

• (A) artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system

• (B) mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade

• (C) African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas

• (D) women’s and children’s labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households

• (A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China

• (B) marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade

• (C) was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution

• (D) relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing

Group 5

Source 5.1

• (A) The need for labor in new mining centers

• (B) The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire

• (C) The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

• (D) The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

• (A) the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas

• (B) soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean

• (C) American foods becoming staple crops in Africa

• (D) air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuel

• (A) Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

• (B) Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards.

• (C) African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam.

• (D) African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

• (A) The Glorious Revolution

• (B) The French Revolution

• (C) The Haitian Revolution

• (D) The Cuban Revolution

Group 6

• (A) The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver

• (B) American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia

• (C) The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

• (D) The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas

• (A) in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity

• (B) in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

• (C) in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity

• (D) in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity

• (A) An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present

• (B) An account by an Inca who was also present

• (C) An account by another European of a similar event

• (D) An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event

Group 7

• (A) The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.

• (B) The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China.

• (C) Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China.

• (D) The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.

• (A) The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia

• (B) Technological developments in cartography and navigation

• (C) Improvements in silver-mining technology

• (D) The creation of laissez-faire state policies

• (A) Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China.

• (B) Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China.

• (C) Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.

• (D) Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.

Group 8

• (A) Slavery

• (B) Military conscription

• (C) Indentured servitude

• (D) Serfdom

• (A) The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment

• (B) Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

• (C) The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism

• (D) Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

• (A) Even though he was French, Froissart traveled to England to collect information for his chronicles.

• (B) Peasant revolts were fairly common in medieval Europe.

• (C) History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences.

• (D) In addition to his chronicles, Froissart wrote a work of romance based on the legend of King Arthur.

Group 9

Source 9.1

• (A) The lasting impact of the spread of Christianity through Afro-Eurasia during the period of the late Roman Empire

• (B) The success of crusaders in spreading Christianity into East Africa

• (C) The emergence of syncretic religions as Islam spread through East Africa in the period after the Muslim conquests

• (D) The migration of Bantu peoples across Africa

• (A) The use of art to glorify rulers

• (B) The sponsorship of art by new elites

• (C) Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations

• (D) The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes

• (A) They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.

• (B) They created an opportunity for Ethiopia to participate in the European alliance system.

• (C) They strengthened Social Darwinist claims that Ethiopians were inferior to Europeans.

• (D) They contributed to the isolation of Ethiopia from the emerging global labor network.

Group 10

Source 10.1

• (A) The Yuan dynasty’s potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan’s supremacy.

• (B) The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan’s rule.

• (C) The Yuan dynasty’s employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan’s rule.

• (D) The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan’s claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

• (A) favored some commercial trading organizations over others

• (B) portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

• (C) shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes

• (D) restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies

• (A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

• (B) The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia

• (C) The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia

• (D) Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce

Group 11

Source 11.1

• (A) The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia

• (B) The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire

• (C) The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor

• (D) The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

• (A) Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control.

• (B) Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles.

• (C) Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans.

• (D) Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

• (A) The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange

• (B) The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

• (C) Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills

• (D) Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive tropical diseases

• (A) European merchants’ role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia

• (B) The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers

• (C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

• (D) The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks

• (A) Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.

• (B) European states developed military and medical technologies that enabled them to establish direct colonial control over most interior regions of Africa.

• (C) Some European states encouraged the migration of large numbers of their citizens overseas, leading to the establishment of settler colonies.

• (D) The emergence of anticolonial movements that used civil disobedience to achieve their goals made many traditional colonial products virtually impossible to produce on a large scale.

Group 12

Source 12.1

Source 12.2

• (A) The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers

• (B) The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire’s use of gunpowder weapons

• (C) The Ottoman Empire’s unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean

• (D) The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate

• (A) The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire

• (B) European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism

• (C) Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world

• (D) The decline of Silk Road trade routes

• (A) Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam

• (B) Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy

• (C) Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals

• (D) Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

Group 13

• (A) He was establishing his legal right to override the decisions of Parliament

• (B) He was using his position as the head of the Church of England to validate his control over the people

• (C) He was showing his compassion for the people of England by asserting that he was ruling with the will of God

• (D) He was using religious doctrine to justify political legitimacy by asserting that he was ruling with the will of God

• (A) Philip II of Spain sealed off Spain from the threat of Protestantism

• (B) Charles V of Spain defended Catholic dogma in the Counter-Reformation

• (C) Louis XIV of France created the gigantic Palace of Versailles near Paris

• (D) Charles I of England defeated his opponents in the English Civil War

• (A) Henry VIII’s split from the Roman Catholic Church

• (B) John Locke’s arguments regarding the consent of the governed

• (C) The reinstatement of the Stuart line with the return of Charles II to the throne

• (D) The Bourbon monarch’s refusal to call the Estates General

Group 14

Source 14.1

Source 14.2

• (A) The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy

• (B) The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

• (C) The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution

• (D) The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing

• (A) A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal

• (B) The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries

• (C) A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

• (D) The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification

• (A) oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy

• (B) the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations

• (C) the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

• (D) a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance

• (A) Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.

• (B) Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

• (C) The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.

• (D) As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.

Group 15

Source 15.1

• (A) Industrialization’s impact was limited to Europe.

• (B) Industrial revolutions occurred in several time periods.

• (C) Industrial technology developed independently in multiple regions.

• (D) Industrialization led to major developments and innovations in transportation.

• (A) The closing of the income gap between classes globally.

• (B) The use of warfare and diplomacy to expand European influence in Africa.

• (C) The use of industrial technology to prevent colonial rebellions.

• (D) The decline of cash crops and plantation systems in expanding empires.

• (A) To promote leisure activities for both Europeans and local populations.

• (B) To encourage the building of factories in the colonies.

• (C) To give local indigenous populations access to modern travel.

• (D) To transport raw materials and military personnel.

Group 16

• (A) The city was an important trading center.

• (B) Islam was the most important religion in Timbuktu.

• (C) There were many female slaves in Timbuktu.

• (D) The diet of the people of Timbuktu was limited.

• (A) There were more slaves than artisans in the city.

• (B) Traders had settled in diasporic communities in parts of the city.

• (C) Most people lived in the center of the city close to the palace.

• (D) Women played a merely domestic role in Timbuktu.

• (A) Muslim missionaries established Muslim monasteries and convents in major cities.

• (B) Slaves traded to Mali brought their religion and transferred it to their owner.

• (C) Mansa Musa promised a share of his extreme wealth to anyone who converted.

• (D) Traders and Muslim Berbers brought Islam with them to commercial contacts beyond the Sahara desert.

Group 17

• (A) Oppressive regimes are supported by Enlightened philosophy.

• (B) Feudal ties between elites and peasants are necessary for civil society.

• (C) The revolution in France was the result of natural rights abuses.

• (D) The revolution in France was an immoral act against political and religious elites.

• (A) European elites exercising increased power in the American colonies.

• (B) Slave resistance challenging authorities in the Americas.

• (C) The increase in religious support for European political legitimacy.

• (D) The response of government to early socialist thinkers.

• (A) Recognition that natural law is the basis for all legal codes.

• (B) Enactment of land reforms to eliminate tensions between classes.

• (C) Encouragement of French society to embrace secularism.

• (D) An attempt to maintain authority based on older legal and religious traditions.