Unit 1 Topic 1.5 New Monarchies

Use the information in your readings to answer these questions. 
### New Monarchies

From 1450 to 1648, significant changes took place in the political landscape of Europe. These changes were driven by monarchs and princes who sought to strengthen their control and build more centralized states.

**Causes and Effects of Political Development**

Monarchs and princes, including English rulers **Henry VIII** (king of England who created the Church of England) and **Elizabeth I** (queen of England known for her strong leadership), initiated **religious reform** (changes in religious practices) from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality (standards of right and wrong behavior). For example, the **Spanish Inquisition** (a group established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy) and the **Book of Common Prayer** (a set of Anglican worship guidelines) were tools used to enforce religious conformity. The **Peace of Augsburg** (a treaty allowing German princes to choose the religion of their territories) was another example of rulers using religious control to solidify their power.

**Building Centralized States**

**New monarchies** (rulers who centralized power) laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing **monopolies** (exclusive control) on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects. For instance, **Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain** consolidated control of the military, which helped them strengthen their rule. The **Peace of Augsburg** and the **Edict of Nantes** (a decree that granted religious freedom to French Protestants) were significant in showing how monarchs used religion to reinforce their authority.

**Rise of Commercial and Professional Groups**

Across Europe, **commercial and professional groups** (merchants, bankers, lawyers) gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs. In France, the **Nobles of the Robe** (nobility who bought their titles and held judicial or administrative offices) exemplified this trend, as they became important figures in governance.

**Political Fragmentation and Secular States**

In Renaissance Italy, continued political **fragmentation** (division into small states) provided a background for the development of new concepts of the **secular state** (a government separate from religious institutions). Thinkers like **Jean Bodin** (a political philosopher who advocated for strong central authority) and **Niccolò Machiavelli** (author of "The Prince," which described realistic and sometimes ruthless political strategies) contributed to these ideas.

In conclusion, the period from 1450 to 1648 saw the rise of new monarchies that centralized power, controlled religious practices, and laid the groundwork for the modern state. These changes were accompanied by the growing influence of commercial and professional groups and the development of secular political concepts, especially in fragmented regions like Renaissance Italy.

What was the primary goal of monarchs and princes who initiated religious reform from 1450 to 1648?

Which English ruler is known for creating the Church of England?

What was the Spanish Inquisition established to maintain?

What did the Peace of Augsburg allow German princes to do?

What did Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain use to strengthen their rule?

What was the Edict of Nantes?

Who were the Nobles of the Robe in France?

What was a significant effect of political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy?

Who advocated for strong central authority in his political philosophy?

Which book by Niccolò Machiavelli described realistic political strategies?

What was the Book of Common Prayer?

In the context of the reading, what does 'centralized states' refer to?

What inference can be made about the role of commercial and professional groups during this period?

Based on the reading, what can be inferred about the relationship between monarchs and religion?

Applying the information from the reading, how might the Peace of Augsburg have affected the religious landscape of Germany?