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AP European History Unit 2: The Age of Reformation

UNIT 2 KEY CONCEPTS:
-Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified Europe.
-The Protestant and Catholic Reformations fundamentally changed theology, religious institutions, culture, and attitudes toward wealth and prosperity.
-Religious reform both increased state control of religious institutions and provided justifications for challenging state authority.
-Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competition within and among states. European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by
commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures.
-Population shifts and growing commerce caused the expansion of cities, which often placed stress on their traditional political and social structures.
-The family remained the primary social and economic institution of early modern Europe and took several forms, including the nuclear family.
-Popular culture, leisure activities, and rituals reflecting the continued popularity of folk ideas reinforced and sometimes challenged communal ties and norms.
-The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
-The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.

Question 1

Multiple choice
What was the primary theological issue that Martin Luther contested in his Ninety-Five Theses?

  • The doctrine of transubstantiation during the Eucharist

  • The concept of purgatory and its basis in scripture

  • The use of Latin in church services instead of the vernacular

  • The sale of indulgences and the corruption it represented within the Catholic Church

  • The authority of the Pope over secular rulers

  • The practice of celibacy among the clergy

Question 2

Multiple choice
Which of the following was a central belief of John Calvin's theology?

  • The rejection of infant baptism

  • Predestination

  • The infallibility of the Pope

  • The consubstantiation in the Eucharist

  • The veneration of saints and martyrs

  • The importance of good works for salvation

Question 3

Multiple choice
The Peace of Augsburg (1555) concluded religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire by establishing which principle?

  • Sola scriptura

  • The supremacy of the Catholic Church

  • Sola fide

  • Universal religious tolerance

  • Cuius regio, eius religio

  • The separation of church and state

Question 4

Multiple choice
Which English monarch established the Church of England separate from the Catholic Church?

  • Elizabeth I

  • Charles I

  • Mary I

  • Edward VI

  • Henry VIII

  • James I

Question 5

Multiple choice
The Council of Trent was a response to the Protestant Reformation. Which of the following was NOT an outcome of this council?

  • The decree that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation

  • The creation of the Index of Forbidden Books

  • The upholding of the Latin Vulgate as the official Bible of the Church

  • The endorsement of the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone

  • The establishment of seminaries for the proper training of priests

  • The reaffirmation of the seven sacraments

Question 6

Multiple choice
Which Protestant reformer is credited with beginning the Swiss Reformation?

  • John Knox

  • Philip Melanchthon

  • Huldrych Zwingli

  • John Wycliffe

  • Martin Bucer

  • Thomas Müntzer

Question 7

Multiple choice
The Anabaptists were distinct from other Protestant groups for their belief in:

  • Adult baptism

  • The use of icons in worship

  • The infallibility of the Pope

  • The transubstantiation in the Eucharist

  • Predestination

  • The divine right of kings

Question 8

Multiple choice
What was the primary purpose of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Forbidden Books)?

  • To promote literacy among the lower classes

  • To catalog all of the works of Martin Luther

  • To record the names of individuals suspected of heresy

  • To prevent the spread of heretical ideas and writings

  • To provide a list of approved religious texts for the laity

  • To list the banned scientific works that contradicted Church teachings

Question 9

Multiple choice
The Schmalkaldic League was formed to:

  • Organize a crusade against the Ottoman Empire

  • Establish a new religious order within the Catholic Church

  • Unify the various Protestant movements under a single doctrine

  • Support the papal stance against the spread of Protestantism

  • Promote the teachings of John Calvin

  • Defend the interests of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire

Question 10

Multiple choice
Which of the following was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation?

  • The fragmentation of the Western Christian Church into multiple denominations

  • The establishment of complete religious freedom throughout Europe

  • The immediate end of the Holy Roman Empire

  • The abolition of the Catholic Church in Northern Europe

  • The unification of all German states under a single ruler

  • The cessation of all religious wars in Europe

Question 11

Multiple choice
Which of the following best describes the role of the Jesuits in the Counter-Reformation?

  • They were primarily involved in translating the Bible into vernacular languages

  • They were a contemplative order that focused on monastic life

  • They advocated for the decentralization of the Church's power

  • They were a missionary order that played a key role in education and the re-conversion of areas affected by Protestantism

  • They supported the abolition of the papacy

  • They led military campaigns against Protestant states

Question 12

Multiple choice
The Edict of Nantes, issued in 1598, was significant in that it:

  • Granted a degree of religious freedom to Huguenots in France

  • Formally ended the Spanish Inquisition

  • Marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War

  • Established the Church of England as the state religion

  • Declared the independence of the Netherlands from Spain

  • Outlawed the practice of Calvinism in the Holy Roman Empire

Question 13

Multiple choice
Which work by John Calvin outlined his religious doctrines, including his views on predestination?

  • Institutes of the Christian Religion

  • The Praise of Folly

  • The Spiritual Exercises

  • The Freedom of a Christian

  • The Bondage of the Will

  • The City of God

Question 14

Multiple choice
The German Peasants' War (1524-1525) was influenced by the Reformation in that the peasants:

  • Demanded the establishment of an Anabaptist state

  • Sought to restore the Catholic Church's influence in rural areas

  • Used Lutheran ideas to justify their revolt against feudal oppression

  • Were led by Martin Luther himself

  • Fought to defend the Holy Roman Emperor's authority over the German princes

  • Wanted to abolish all forms of Christianity and return to paganism

Question 15

Multiple choice
The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared the English monarch as the head of the Church of England. Who was the reigning monarch at the time?

  • Henry VIII

  • Charles II

  • James I

  • Elizabeth I

  • Mary I

  • Edward VI

Question 16

Multiple choice
The Book of Common Prayer, introduced under Edward VI, was significant because it:

  • Standardized the liturgy of the Church of England and included services in English

  • Was a collection of sermons written by Martin Luther

  • Contained the first Protestant confession of faith

  • Formally declared the independence of the Church of England from Rome

  • Outlined the organizational structure of the Anabaptist movement

  • Was the first English translation of the Bible

Question 17

Multiple choice
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 was a tragic event in which:

  • An uprising of peasants in Germany was brutally suppressed

  • Protestant forces sacked the city of Rome

  • The Knights Templar were arrested and executed

  • Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire were persecuted

  • The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy

  • Thousands of Huguenots were killed in France

Question 18

Multiple choice
Which of the following was NOT a practice criticized by Martin Luther in his Ninety-Five Theses?

  • The moral corruption of the clergy

  • The sale of indulgences

  • The power of the Pope to release souls from purgatory

  • The practice of monastic life and vows

  • The emphasis on good works for salvation

  • The lack of scriptural basis for certain Church practices

Question 19

Multiple choice
The Diet of Worms in 1521 was a significant event because it:

  • Was where the Lutheran princes formed the Schmalkaldic League

  • Led to the adoption of Calvinism as the state religion in Geneva

  • Marked the end of the Thirty Years' War with the Peace of Westphalia

  • Was the council where the Catholic Church launched the Counter-Reformation

  • Resulted in the Edict of Worms, which declared Martin Luther an outlaw and heretic

  • Resulted in the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for Lutheran and Catholic territories

Question 20

Multiple choice
The founding of the Ursuline Order in 1535 contributed to the Counter-Reformation by:

  • Establishing monasteries dedicated to contemplative life

  • Focusing on the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy

  • Conducting witch hunts throughout Europe

  • Leading military expeditions against Protestant territories

  • Promoting the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages

  • Advocating for the separation of church and state

Question 21

Multiple choice
Saint Teresa of Avila is known for her role in the Counter-Reformation as a:

  • Theologian who opposed the teachings of Martin Luther

  • Reformer of the Carmelite Order and a mystic writer

  • Military leader in the Wars of Religion

  • Monarch who enforced the Edict of Nantes

  • Diplomat who negotiated the Peace of Augsburg

  • Founder of the Jesuit Order

Question 22

Multiple choice
Ignatius of Loyola, a key figure in the Counter-Reformation, is best known for:

  • Writing the Ninety-Five Theses

  • Founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and authoring 'Spiritual Exercises'

  • Establishing the Anglican Church

  • Organizing the Council of Trent

  • Being a prominent Anabaptist leader

  • Leading the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland

Question 23

Multiple choice
The French Wars of Religion were primarily fought between:

  • Lutherans and Calvinists

  • Catholics and Huguenots

  • Eastern Orthodox Christians and Catholics

  • Spanish forces and the Dutch Republic

  • The English monarchy and Puritan Parliamentarians

  • The Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Turks

Question 24

Multiple choice
The War of the Three Henrys was part of which larger conflict?

  • The War of the Roses

  • The War of the Spanish Succession

  • The Thirty Years' War

  • The French Wars of Religion

  • The Hundred Years' War

  • The Eighty Years' War

Question 25

Multiple choice
The Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which resulted in:

  • The annexation of the German territories by France

  • The unification of Germany under a single ruler

  • The end of the Habsburg dynasty's control over the Holy Roman Empire

  • The recognition of the sovereignty of the German princes and the independence of the Dutch Republic

  • The restoration of the Catholic Church's dominance in Northern Europe

  • The establishment of the Anglican Church as the state religion in England

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