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Topic 6.6: Reactions and Revolutions

Topic 6.6 Historical Developments:
In the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to disrupt the status quo
The revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, challenged conservative politicians and governments and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Question 1

Multiple choice
Which event directly influenced the start of the Greek War of Independence?

  • The destruction of Greek culture, heavy taxation, and compulsory conscription by the Ottoman Empire

  • The assassination of a Greek political leader by Ottoman authorities

  • A declaration of war by the Greek government on the Ottoman Empire

  • The outbreak of a plague that decimated the Greek population

Question 2

Multiple choice
What role did Lord Byron play in the Greek War of Independence?

  • He led the Ottoman military forces against the Greeks

  • He was a prominent Philhellene who supported the Greek cause

  • He was the Ottoman Empire's ambassador to Greece

  • He served as the Greek head of state during the war

Question 3

Multiple choice
What was the primary goal of the Decembrists during their revolt in Russia?

  • To establish a communist state in Russia

  • To expand the Russian Empire into Western Europe

  • To impose liberal reforms and constitutional monarchy

  • To support Tsar Nicholas I's conservative policies

Question 4

Multiple choice
What triggered the Polish Rebellion of 1830-31?

  • A religious conflict between Catholic and Orthodox Christians

  • Disregard for Polish rights and autonomy by the Russian Empire

  • The assassination of a Polish political leader

  • An economic crisis caused by a failure in the potato crop

Question 5

Multiple choice
What was the immediate consequence of the July Revolution of 1830 in France?

  • The establishment of the Second French Empire

  • Napoleon Bonaparte's return from exile

  • The abdication of Charles X and the rise of Louis-Philippe as 'the citizen king'

  • The beginning of the French Revolution

Question 6

Multiple choice
Which factor contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe?

  • The signing of the Treaty of Versailles

  • The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • The Revolutions of 1848 and the rise of nationalism

  • The unification of Italy

Question 7

Multiple choice
What was a significant outcome of the February Revolution in France in 1848?

  • The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany

  • The creation of the League of Nations

  • The establishment of the Provisional French Republic

  • The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy

Question 8

Multiple choice
What was the primary aim of the Frankfurt Assembly?

  • To declare war on France

  • To draft a constitution for a unified German state

  • To restore the Holy Roman Empire

  • To negotiate the terms of the Congress of Vienna

Question 9

Multiple choice
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the failure of the Revolutions of 1848?

  • Conservative resistance and military intervention by foreign powers

  • Lack of a common, unifying goal among revolutionaries

  • Internal class divisions within revolutionary groups

  • The strong and unified leadership of revolutionary forces

Question 10

Multiple choice
What was the primary reason for the emancipation of the serfs in Russia?

  • To implement communist ideology

  • To redistribute land equally among all citizens

  • To modernize the Russian economy, reform Russia's social system, and prevent potential peasant revolts

  • To strengthen the serfdom system by providing limited freedoms

Question 11

Multiple choice
What was the role of the Zemstvo in Tsarist Russia?

  • The highest judicial body in the Russian Empire

  • Elected local councils responsible for regional matters

  • An elite military unit loyal to the Tsar

  • A secret police force used to suppress dissent

Question 12

Multiple choice
Which event led to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881?

  • The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War

  • The slow progress of reforms and the rise of radical terrorist groups

  • The establishment of the Duma

  • The signing of the Emancipation Manifesto

Question 13

Multiple choice
What was the primary focus of Sergei Witte's economic reforms?

  • The complete abolition of tariffs

  • The introduction of a universal basic income

  • The privatization of all state-owned industries

  • Accelerated industrialization, protective tariffs, and the adoption of the gold standard

Question 14

Multiple choice
What was the significance of the October Manifesto?

  • It marked the beginning of the Bolshevik Revolution

  • It was a declaration of war against Japan

  • It abolished the monarchy and established a republic

  • It granted civil liberties, including freedom of speech, citizenship, and universal male suffrage, and led to the creation of the Duma, an elected legislative body

Question 15

Multiple choice
What was the main objective of Peter Stolypin's agrarian reforms?

  • To nationalize the agricultural industry

  • To collectivize all agricultural land

  • To create a class of prosperous peasants and stabilize Russia to prevent a potential revolution

  • To redistribute land to the nobility

Question 16

Multiple choice
Which of the following was a consequence of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)?

  • It resulted in the annexation of Korea by Russia

  • It contributed to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1905 in Russia

  • It led to the immediate abdication of Tsar Nicholas II

  • It prompted the United States to enter World War I

Question 17

Multiple choice
What was the primary cause of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German States?

  • The invasion of the German States by French forces

  • Advocacy for civil liberties and constitutional reforms, as well as nationalism

  • Religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

  • The desire to establish a communist government

Question 18

Multiple choice
What was the outcome of the July Monarchy (1830) in France?

  • The return to absolute monarchy under Charles X

  • The beginning of the Hundred Years' War

  • The establishment of a constitutional monarchy with expanded voting rights

  • The formation of the First French Republic

Question 19

Multiple choice
What was the result of Metternich's resignation in Austria during the Revolutions of 1848?

  • It led to liberal reforms and demands for self-rule among ethnic groups

  • It marked the end of the Habsburg dynasty

  • It triggered the immediate unification of Germany

  • It resulted in Austria's annexation by the Ottoman Empire

Question 20

Multiple choice
Why did the Magyars in Hungary revolt during the Revolutions of 1848?

  • They wanted to join the German Confederation

  • They demanded self-rule and national autonomy

  • They aimed to establish a pan-European empire

  • They sought to overthrow the Habsburg monarchy entirely

Question 21

Multiple choice
How did the Crimean War affect the political climate in Russia?

  • It exposed the weaknesses of the Russian military and led to calls for reform

  • It led to a long-lasting alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Empire

  • It resulted in the immediate emancipation of the serfs

  • It strengthened the autocratic power of the Tsar

Question 22

Multiple choice
What was the response of Tsar Nicholas I to the Decembrist Revolt?

  • He implemented repressive measures and strengthened autocracy

  • He abdicated in favor of a constitutional monarchy

  • He introduced significant liberal reforms

  • He negotiated with the Decembrists to reach a peaceful resolution

Question 23

Multiple choice
Which of the following best describes the political stance of Tsar Alexander III?

  • He pursued policies of conservatism and supported industrialization

  • He supported the spread of socialism

  • He was a proponent of liberal democracy

  • He advocated for the abolition of the monarchy

Question 24

Multiple choice
What was the primary reason for the abdication of Louis-Philippe in 1848?

  • A military coup d'état

  • His conversion to a different religion

  • Widespread protests and political unrest

  • The invasion of France by Prussian forces

Question 25

Multiple choice
Which group played a significant role in the Revolutions of 1848 in Vienna?

  • Foreign diplomats and ambassadors

  • The industrial working class

  • The Catholic clergy

  • Liberal students and intellectuals

Question 26

Multiple choice
What was the significance of the Emancipation Manifesto of 1861?

  • It marked the beginning of the end for the Romanov dynasty

  • It declared war on the Ottoman Empire

  • It established a new constitution for the Russian Empire

  • It freed the serfs and granted them limited property rights

Question 27

Multiple choice
Which of the following was a result of the July Revolution's impact on the Concert of Europe?

  • It resulted in the creation of the Warsaw Pact

  • It led to the establishment of the European Union

  • It initiated the first steps towards the Cold War

  • It inspired a wave of liberal revolutions across Europe

Question 28

Multiple choice
How did the outcome of the Frankfurt Assembly affect German unification?

  • It failed to achieve unification, leading to later efforts by Bismarck

  • It resulted in the division of Germany into East and West

  • It established a permanent confederation of independent states

  • It successfully created a unified German Empire

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