Practice Test MCQs (required)
Question 1
Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari’s painting contributed most directly to which of the following?
Source 1.1
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
Question 2
Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari’s painting?
Source 2.1
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
Question 3
Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari’s painting, the artist’s most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as
Source 3.1
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
Question 4
Vasari’s interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century?
Source 4.1
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
Question 5
Which of the following can best be inferred from Tanucci’s sarcastic reference to Naples’ greatness?
Source 5.1
“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742
Question 6
Tanucci’s opinion of the people of Naples most clearly exemplifies which of the following?
Source 6.1
“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742
Question 7
The growth of Naples’ population as described by Tanucci is most likely a result of which of the following?
Source 7.1
“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742
Question 8
The author’s conclusion regarding the significance of the ThirtyYears’War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations?
Source 8.1
“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction
Question 9
Based on the passage and the historical context in which Wedgwood’s book was originally published, which of the following most heavily influenced the author’s view of the Thirty Years’ War?
Source 9.1
“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction
Question 10
Which of the following best explains why, in the 1956 edition of the book, the author stated, “I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary”?
Source 10.1
“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction
Question 11
Which of the following most directly undermines the author’s argument that the Thirty Years’ War “settled nothing worth settling”?
Source 11.1
“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction
Question 12
Young’s account provides potential information about the origins of the French Revolution. A historian wishing to evaluate the usefulness of his account would likely be interested in all the following questions EXCEPT:
Source 12.1
“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week....
The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
Arthur Young, English writer, account
Question 13
Since 1699 all printed materials in France had been subject to the approval of royal censors. Young’s account most likely implies that
Source 13.1
“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week....
The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
Arthur Young, English writer, account
Question 14
In addition to the political pamphlets described in the passage, which of the following did the most to turn public opinion against the Old Regime?
Source 14.1
“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week....
The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
Arthur Young, English writer, account
Question 15
The painting most strongly suggests a link between nationalism and which of the following?
Source 15.1
Isidore Pils, French painter, Rouget de Lisle Singing “La Marseillaise,” 1849. The painting portrays Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a composer, offering the first performance, in 1792, of his patriotic song “La Marseillaise,” which became the French national anthem.
Question 16
Pils’ choice of subject matter and his treatment of it were probably most strongly influenced by which of the following contemporary developments?
Source 16.1
Isidore Pils, French painter, Rouget de Lisle Singing “La Marseillaise,” 1849. The painting portrays Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a composer, offering the first performance, in 1792, of his patriotic song “La Marseillaise,” which became the French national anthem.
Question 17
Which of the following contributed most to the overall trend represented on the maps?
Source 17.1
Question 18
The trend represented on the maps led most European governments in the period to eventually adopt policies to
Source 18.1
Question 19
The disparity on the 1910 map between the eastern region of Europe and the western and central regions was primarily the result of which of the following?
Source 19.1
Question 20
The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Source 20.1
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Question 21
Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer’s Self-Portrait?
Source 21.1
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Question 22
By the late NINETEENTH century, artists’ self-portraits would increasingly emphasize which of the following?
Source 22.1
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Question 23
In which of the following European powers in the early modern period was a consultative body similar to the Castilian Cortes most firmly entrenched?
Source 23.1
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.
“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.
Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.
Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.
War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
Question 24
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain the rebels’ demands in the passage concerning money?
Source 24.1
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.
“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.
Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.
Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.
War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
Question 25
The rebel leaders’ insistence on the importance of the Cortes best exemplifies which of the following processes in early modern Europe?
Source 25.1
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.
“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.
Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.
Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.
War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
Question 26
Based on the rebels’ demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of
Source 26.1
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.
“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.
Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.
Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.
War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
Question 27
Which of the following best accounts for the changes indicated in the tables between the literacy rates of the sixteenth century and those of the seventeenth century?
Source 27.1
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
Question 28
Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables?
Source 28.1
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
Question 29
A historian might use data such as those in the table to attempt to determine actual literacy rates in Spain in the period 1500–1700. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would LEAST limit the value of the data in the tables as a means of determining literacy rates?
Source 29.1
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
Question 30
The system portrayed in the image best represents which of the following processes?
Source 30.1
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
Question 31
Which of the following would most directly transform the production method depicted in the image?
Source 31.1
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
Question 32
Which of the following was the likely purpose of the publication the image appeared in?
Source 32.1
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
Question 33
A historian could best use Lord Kenyon’s attitude toward witchcraft in Source 1 as evidence of which of the following?
Source 33.1
Source 1 “It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”
*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law
Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Source 2 “The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”
Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Question 34
The ideas expressed in the passages above formed part of a debate about the merits of which of the following?
Source 34.1
Source 1 “It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”
*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law
Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Source 2 “The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”
Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Question 35
During the late NINETEENTH century governments in western Europe most directly responded to the issue addressed in the passages in which of the following ways?
Source 35.1
Source 1 “It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”
*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law
Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Source 2 “The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”
Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800
Question 36
Which of the following was the most significant factor that contributed to the changes to Ottoman territory shown on the maps?
Source 36.1
Question 37
The changes shown on the maps contributed most directly to
Source 37.1
Question 38
In the period 1815–1914, which of the following regions of Europe experienced political developments that most strongly contrasted with those shown on the maps?
Source 38.1
Question 39
Which of the following is Metternich most strongly critiquing in his letter to the tsar?
Source 39.1
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Question 40
Based on the letter and its context, Metternich most clearly supported which of the following principles?
Source 40.1
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Question 41
Metternich likely expressed these sentiments in a letter to the tsar because of
Source 41.1
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Question 42
Which of the following best explains the historical significance of Darwin’s argument in the passage?
Source 42.1
“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . .
We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.”
*the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871
Question 43
Darwin's perspective in the first paragraph regarding future developments is significant because of its
Source 43.1
“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . .
We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.”
*the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871
Question 44
Darwin’s views of what he termed “savages” are best explained by which of the following?
Source 44.1
“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . .
We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.”
*the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871
Question 45
The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the
Question 46
Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus’ claim regarding the motion of the spheres?
Source 46.1
“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage.
Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear.
So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.”
*Classical writers and philosophers
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543
Question 47
Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus’ hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?
Source 47.1
“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage.
Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear.
So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.”
*Classical writers and philosophers
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543
Question 48
Copernicus’ citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?
Source 48.1
“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage.
Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear.
So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.”
*Classical writers and philosophers
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543
Question 49
The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans?
Source 49.1
Question 50
The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following?
Source 50.1
Question 51
The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period?
Source 51.1
Question 52
A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use Image 2 as evidence that
Source 52.1
Image 1: “The Playroom,” an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823
Source 52.2
Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848
Question 53
The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes?
Source 53.1
Source 53.2
Question 54
The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following?
Source 54.1
Source 54.2
Question 55
The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France?
Source 55.1
Source 55.2
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