Practice Test MCQs (required)
Question 1
Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari’s painting contributed most directly to which of the following?
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions
The establishment of royal absolutism under Louis XIII and Louis XIV
The entry of France in the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the Protestants
The intensification of the grievances of the Third Estate against the nobility and the clergy
Question 2
Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari’s painting?
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
The Peace of Augsburg
The Edict of Nantes
The Pragmatic Sanction
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Question 3
Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari’s painting, the artist’s most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
a terrible misunderstanding
a horrific abuse of royal power
an example of divine retribution
a cautionary tale against the dangers of mob violence
Question 4
Vasari’s interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century?
Giorgio Vasari, The Massacre of the Huguenots, painting commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII for the papal residence in the Vatican, 1574. Vasari’s painting depicts an episode of government-sanctioned mob violence against Protestants in France, sometimes called the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572).
High clergy in the Church of England
The rebels in the German Peasants’ War
The delegates at the Council of Trent
Christian humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdam
Question 5
Which of the following can best be inferred from Tanucci’s sarcastic reference to Naples’ greatness?
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
Naples was facing unique social problems that other cities were not facing during this period.
The mercantilist policies implemented by the city’s ruling class had failed to develop Naples’ economy.
The spread of print materials in vernacular languages threatened Italy’s intellectual monopoly.
Some southern European intellectuals felt that their societies were falling behind those of Atlantic Europe.
Question 6
Tanucci’s opinion of the people of Naples most clearly exemplifies which of the following?
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
Concern about the erosion of traditional values as a result of urbanization
The belief that southern Italy was falling behind northern Italy economically
Fears that Italy was reaching Malthusian population limits
The Enlightenment belief in the perfectability of humanity
Question 7
The growth of Naples’ population as described by Tanucci is most likely a result of which of the following?
Bernardo Tanucci, satirical description of his home city of Naples, Italy, Epistolario, 1742“All the dregs of humanity produced in the provinces make up the population of this city, and in this lies its greatness: not in fine buildings, and not in great merchants and thinkers and men of letters, as make Paris, London, Lisbon, and Amsterdam great cities; but in those of the lowest behavior and dishonesty, who, by intermarrying increase and multiply so that each generation is worse than the one before.”
The expansion of cottage industry and the putting-out system
The development of new financial institutions
The imposition of guild restrictions on labor
The expansion of commercial agriculture
Question 8
The author’s conclusion regarding the significance of the ThirtyYears’War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations?
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
The Thirty Years’ War was a uniquely devastating conflict in pre-twentieth-century European history.
The Thirty Years’ War marked a decisive turning point in European history.
Although ostensibly a conflict driven by religious differences, the Thirty Years’ War resulted from a variety of factors.
The devastation of the Thirty Years’ War undermined the theological justification for the concept of just war.
Question 9
Based on the passage and the historical context in which Wedgwood’s book was originally published, which of the following most heavily influenced the author’s view of the Thirty Years’ War?
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
The emergence of second-wave feminism in Europe
The spread of existentialist thought in Britain during the Great Depression
Growing international tensions in Europe as a result of aggressive nationalism
Increasing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Question 10
Which of the following best explains why, in the 1956 edition of the book, the author stated, “I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary”?
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
The Second World War opened up new economic and social opportunities for women.
The Second World War led more writers to question literary conventions and bourgeois social values.
The Second World War opened up Europe to increased American cultural and economic influence.
The Second World War had to be fought to stop the expansion of Nazi Germany in Europe.
Question 11
Which of the following most directly undermines the author’s argument that the Thirty Years’ War “settled nothing worth settling”?
Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction“I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling.”
The Thirty Years War had a devastating impact on civilian populations in many parts of northern Europe.
The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states.
The rulers of the German states maintained the right to designate the official religion of their territories.
Charles II was restored as the king of England after the interregnum of Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan military dictatorship.
Question 12
Young’s account provides potential information about the origins of the French Revolution. A historian wishing to evaluate the usefulness of his account would likely be interested in all the following questions EXCEPT:
Arthur Young, English writer, account“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week.... The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
What was the typical amount of labor required to run a printing press?
What was the typical number of copies printed per pamphlet?
What was the literacy rate in France on the eve of the Revolution?
What was the typical retail price of a pamphlet, relative to average wages?
Question 13
Since 1699 all printed materials in France had been subject to the approval of royal censors. Young’s account most likely implies that
Arthur Young, English writer, account“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week.... The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
producers of pamphlets were reluctant to discuss the activities of censors, for fear of having their shops closed down
coming from Britain, with its free press, Young was unfamiliar with the concept of state censorship of books
by 1789 the system of royal censorship in France had largely ceased to function as originally intended
because of the large number of titles involved, political pamphlets were not subject to the same laws and regulations regarding censorship as books
Question 14
In addition to the political pamphlets described in the passage, which of the following did the most to turn public opinion against the Old Regime?
Arthur Young, English writer, account“The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers’ shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week.... The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?”
French physiocrats’ critique of mercantilism
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Discussions in French salons and coffeehouses
The paintings of Jacques-Louis David
Question 15
The painting most strongly suggests a link between nationalism and which of the following?
Isidore Pils, French painter, Rouget de Lisle Singing “La Marseillaise,” 1849. The painting portrays Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a composer, offering the first performance, in 1792, of his patriotic song “La Marseillaise,” which became the French national anthem.
Anarchism
Conservatism
Neoclassicism
Romanticism
Question 16
Pils’ choice of subject matter and his treatment of it were probably most strongly influenced by which of the following contemporary developments?
Isidore Pils, French painter, Rouget de Lisle Singing “La Marseillaise,” 1849. The painting portrays Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a composer, offering the first performance, in 1792, of his patriotic song “La Marseillaise,” which became the French national anthem.
The publication of Marxist theory on the causes and course of future revolutions
The outbreak of revolution in France in the previous year
The ongoing economic crisis in Europe known as the “Hungry ’40s”
The institution of a more representative form of government in Great Britain as a result of the Reform Bills
Question 17
Which of the following contributed most to the overall trend represented on the maps?
The increased immigration to Europe from colonial territories
The relative peacefulness of international relations within Europe
The unification of major European ethnic groups into nation-states
The development of industrialized economies
Question 18
The trend represented on the maps led most European governments in the period to eventually adopt policies to
subsidize agriculture in an attempt to limit migration to the cities
place additional restrictions on the political rights of urban residents
establish police forces and enact public health measures
encourage emigration to overseas colonies to ease overcrowding within Europe
Question 19
The disparity on the 1910 map between the eastern region of Europe and the western and central regions was primarily the result of which of the following?
Differences in the frequency and scale of military conflicts
Differences in the degree of political centralization
Differences in the numbers of emigrants
Differences in landholding patterns and agricultural practices
Question 20
The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
The emergence of Mannerist and Baroque artistic styles
The development of cultural expressions that reflected nationalist values
The revival of Greek and Roman classical styles
The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression
Question 21
Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer’s Self-Portrait?
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style
Religious authorities who wished to emphasize the emotional aspects of Christian faith
Government officials who sought to be portrayed as figures from classical mythology
Protestant religious dissidents who favored art that broke with traditional Catholic motifs
Question 22
By the late NINETEENTH century, artists’ self-portraits would increasingly emphasize which of the following?
The inscription reads: “I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty- eighth year.”The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
Realist themes, which drew the audience’s attention to the suffering of the working class
Exotic themes, which reflected Europe’s increased interaction with foreign cultures
Positivist themes, which emphasized the improvement and perfectibility of humankind
Subjective themes, which emphasized the portrayal of the artist’s inner emotional state
Question 23
In which of the following European powers in the early modern period was a consultative body similar to the Castilian Cortes most firmly entrenched?
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can beno Cortes.5Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.10War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
France
The Holy Roman Empire
England
The Ottoman Empire
Question 24
All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain the rebels’ demands in the passage concerning money?
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can beno Cortes.5Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.10War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
The massive inflow of silver from the Americas to Spain did not start until the second half of the sixteenth century.
A significant number of economic transactions in sixteenth-century Castile were still in the form of barters or exchanges in kind.
Charles’s election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside Spain.
Charles’s economic policies in Castile were consistent with the principles of mercantilism.
Question 25
The rebel leaders’ insistence on the importance of the Cortes best exemplifies which of the following processes in early modern Europe?
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can beno Cortes.5Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.10War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment
Attempts by commercial and professional groups to obtain political power commensurate with their economic and social standing
Attempts by the peasantry to maintain access to common lands and other resources threatened by privatization by members of the nobility
Attempts by members of the landed aristocracy to reverse the trend toward greater use of professional or mercenary armies
Question 26
Based on the rebels’ demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of
Refer to the following list of demands made by the rebel leaders of the War of the Communities of Castile, a joint commoner-noble revolt against the heavy taxes imposed in Spain by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1520.“Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can beno Cortes.5Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.10War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war.”
constitutional monarchs
Enlightened monarchs
New monarchs
elective monarchs
Question 27
Which of the following best accounts for the changes indicated in the tables between the literacy rates of the sixteenth century and those of the seventeenth century?
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
The revival of Classical humanist texts during the Renaissance
Jesuit efforts to encourage the reading of the Bible
The development of mandatory public education systems
The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read
Question 28
Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables?
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
The growth of monastic orders for women during the Catholic Reformation, such as the Ursulines
The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic activities than men
The weakening of traditional Catholic institutions as a result of the Protestant Reformation
The practice of delaying marriage and postponing having children to improve economic prospects
Question 29
A historian might use data such as those in the table to attempt to determine actual literacy rates in Spain in the period 1500–1700. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would LEAST limit the value of the data in the tables as a means of determining literacy rates?
Source: adapted from Sara T. Nalle, “Literacy and Culture in Early Modern Castile,” Past and Present, November, 1989, pp. 65-96.
The data in the tables cover a period of about 120 years (1540–1661).
The defendants in cases brought by the Spanish Inquisition were not a representative sample of the Spanish population at the time.
The compilers of the data in the table defined literacy as the ability to sign one’s name to a document.
The percentages in the tables were based on a very small number of cases.
Question 30
The system portrayed in the image best represents which of the following processes?
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
The expansion of capitalist investment in joint-stock companies
The continuation of small-scale systems of production
The development of mercantilist trade practices
The periodic business downturns in industrial economies
Question 31
Which of the following would most directly transform the production method depicted in the image?
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
The abolition of traditional guild restrictions
The implementation of laissez-faire trade policies
The development of mercantilist economic theories
The mechanization of manufacturing
Question 32
Which of the following was the likely purpose of the publication the image appeared in?
“The Making of Needles,” from the Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, published in France between 1751 and 1772. Caption states: “Needles: Cutting from steel wire (fig. 1), flattening end (fig. 4), stamping eye (fig. 2), punching eye (fig. 3), filing eye and pointing end (fig. 7), polishing (fig. 8). Specific monotonous task. Process virtually unchanged for 200 years.”
To advocate for socialist revolution
To encourage French nationalism
To spread Enlightenment principles
To appeal to new consumer markets
Question 33
A historian could best use Lord Kenyon’s attitude toward witchcraft in Source 1 as evidence of which of the following?
Source 1“It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law5Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case ofThe King v. Waddington, 1800Source 210“The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The Kingv. Waddington, 1800
The embrace of folk beliefs by elites
The spread of Enlightenment thought
The increasing involvement of women in commercial activities
The ongoing social and religious tensions in England as a result of the Reformation
Question 34
The ideas expressed in the passages above formed part of a debate about the merits of which of the following?
Source 1“It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law5Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case ofThe King v. Waddington, 1800Source 210“The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The Kingv. Waddington, 1800
Mercantilism
Socialism
Laissez-faire liberalism
Absolutism
Question 35
During the late NINETEENTH century governments in western Europe most directly responded to the issue addressed in the passages in which of the following ways?
Source 1“It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it.”*Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law5Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case ofThe King v. Waddington, 1800Source 210“The market settles, and alone can settle, that price. Market is the meeting and conference of the consumer and producer, when they mutually discover each others’ wants. Nobody, I believe, has observed with any reflection what market is, without being astonished at the truth, the correctness, the civility, the general equity with which the balance of wants is settled. They who wish the destruction of that balance, and would, by arbitrary regulations, decree, that insufficient production should not be compensated by increased price, directly lay their axe to the root of production itself.”Edward Law, attorney, in the court case of The Kingv. Waddington, 1800
Abolishing traditional restrictions on labor
Attempting to manage business cycles through taxation and regulation
Nationalizing agricultural land and heavy industry
Expanding colonies in Africa
Question 36
Which of the following was the most significant factor that contributed to the changes to Ottoman territory shown on the maps?
Western European efforts to halt the spread of Islam in Europe
The spread of nationalism in the Balkans
The economic and social disruptions caused by the industrialization of the Ottoman Empire
The defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of conservative monarchies
Question 37
The changes shown on the maps contributed most directly to
the destabilization of the European balance of power
the dissolution of Austria-Hungary
the modernization of the Russian Empire
the greater integration of Eastern Europe into the global trade system
Question 38
In the period 1815–1914, which of the following regions of Europe experienced political developments that most strongly contrasted with those shown on the maps?
Spain
The British Isles
France
The Italian Peninsula
Question 39
Which of the following is Metternich most strongly critiquing in his letter to the tsar?
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Utilitarianism
Utopian socialism
Mercantilism
Skepticism
Question 40
Based on the letter and its context, Metternich most clearly supported which of the following principles?
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
The maintenance of traditional social structures and values
The right to national self-determination
The application of scientific laws to society
The redistribution of resources and wealth
Question 41
Metternich likely expressed these sentiments in a letter to the tsar because of
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Russia’s close cooperation with Austria against the Ottoman Empire
Russia’s strong support for the Concert of Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Russia’s support for Slavic independence movements in the Balkans
Russia’s expansionist aims in Central and East Asia
Question 42
Which of the following best explains the historical significance of Darwin’s argument in the passage?
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . . We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.” *the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
It made the first argument that there was a hierarchy of races among human beings.
It made an explicit claim that evolutionary development applied to human beings.
It made the first argument in favor of colonization in the Tierra del Fuego region.
It made an explicit claim that dogs were related to wolves and jackals.
Question 43
Darwin's perspective in the first paragraph regarding future developments is significant because of its
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . . We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.” *the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
speculative nature, which was not common among scientific thinkers of his period
essentially positivist view of human progress, which broke with Enlightenment tradition
adaptation by racial thinkers, who used it to justify European imperialist policies
pessimistic view of development, which anticipated the cultural relativism that began to develop in the late nineteenth century
Question 44
Darwin’s views of what he termed “savages” are best explained by which of the following?
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, from general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks often occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees. . . . In some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. . . . We have seen in the last two chapters that man bears in his bodily structure clear traces of his descent from some lower form; but it may be urged that, as man differs so greatly in his mental power from all other animals, there must be some error in this conclusion. No doubt the difference in this respect [human mental powers] is enormous even if we compare the mind of one of the lowest savages, who has no words to express any number higher than four, and who uses hardly any abstract terms for common objects, or for the affections, with [the mental powers] of the most highly organized ape. The difference would, no doubt, still remain immense, even if one of the higher apes had been improved or civilized as much as a dog has been in comparison with its parent-form, the wolf or jackal. The [native inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego] rank amongst the lowest [in terms of civilization]; but I was continually struck with surprise how closely the three natives on board H.M.S. Beagle,* who had lived some years in England, and could talk a little English, resembled us in disposition and in most of our mental faculties.” *the ship on which Darwin traveled for his research expedition
The conceptions of European cultural and racial superiority common at the time
The growing influence of Marxist materialist conceptions of cultural and economic development
The revival of religious sentiment in response to the Enlightenment and Romantic movements
The development of Freudian psychology with its emphasis on human irrationality
Question 45
The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the
strengthening of internal Church discipline
organization of military opposition to the Reformation
establishment of new religious orders
reduction of papal control of doctrine
Question 46
Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus’ claim regarding the motion of the spheres?
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.” *Classical writers and philosophers
Galileo’s observations of sunspots as well as craters on the moon
Newton’s research into optical refraction
Kepler’s formulation of the laws of planetary motion
Brahe’s assertion that novas were not comets, but in fact newly visible stars
Question 47
Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus’ hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.” *Classical writers and philosophers
The increase in accusations of witchcraft in the late 1500s
The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works
The establishment of the Inquisition to suppress heresy
The creation of the Index of Prohibited Books
Question 48
Copernicus’ citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?
Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543“I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion.” *Classical writers and philosophers
Traditional beliefs in astrology and spiritual forces
New conceptions of physical laws of nature formulated by Isaac Newton and others
The influence of the new scientific method formulated by Francis Bacon
The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world
Question 49
The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans?
European explorers were often outnumbered by Native Americans.
Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans.
Lack of knowledge of Native American languages hindered the Europeans’ ability to understand Native American cultures.
The arrival of Europeans often threatened existing hierarchies in Native American societies.
Question 50
The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following?
European attitudes toward non-European peoples
Stylistic features of Native American art and artifacts
The exact geographic location of Columbus’ first landing in America
The willingness of Native Americans to welcome the arrival of Europeans
Question 51
The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period?
The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples
The reliance of European colonists on indigenous peoples as sources of information about new territories
The rapid adoption of some European technologies by indigenous peoples
The creation of hybrid cultures that incorporated both European and indigenous elements
Question 52
A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use Image 2 as evidence that
Image 1: “The Playroom,” an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823
Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848
many women were increasingly taking on the role of decision-maker in their families
many men were becoming more involved in child rearing and household management
many men feared that women’s participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order
many women used the revolutions of 1848 as an opportunity to express their sexuality more freely
Question 53
The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes?
The assertion of the traditional rights of the landed nobility against a centralized monarchy
The development of a new commercial aristocracy as a result of growing overseas trade
The modernization of the military through meritocracy and new technologies
The preservation of the nobility’s social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs
Question 54
The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following?
Peter’s reforms of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Peter’s efforts to westernize Russia
Peter’s campaigns against the Ottoman Empire
Peter’s suppression of rebellious nobility
Question 55
The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France?
Louis’s modernization of the French military through the expansion of the paid standing army
Louis’s expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France
Louis’s suppression of a revolt of the nobility known as the Fronde
Louis’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes
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