CAASPP Success - Grade 11 Reading Comprehension - Expository #2

The Rise and Fall of Aksum’s Ancient Power

[1] The Kingdom of Aksum, located in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, is a lesser-known but highly influential ancient civilization that thrived from the 1st to the 10th century CE. Aksum's strategic position near the Red Sea enabled it to dominate trade routes between the Roman Empire and India, turning it into a major economic powerhouse. The kingdom's wealth came from its control over trade in gold, ivory, and other luxury goods, which were highly sought after in the Byzantine Empire and beyond.

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[2] Politically, Aksum was a centralized monarchy with a well-organized royal palace and a sophisticated administrative system. The king, at the top of the hierarchy, was supported by a network of nobles, military leaders, and high-ranking officials, many of whom were from the royal family. Unlike many monarchies, the Aksumite succession was flexible, often allowing various factions within the royal family to hold significant power. This structure maintained stability within the kingdom despite potential rivalries and internal conflicts.

[3] The kingdom's strategic control over trade routes was crucial to its economic and political power. Aksum's trade networks extended far beyond its borders, connecting it to distant regions such as India, the Mediterranean, and even Sri Lanka. Goods like ivory, gold, and tortoiseshells were exported from Aksum, while luxury items such as wine, olive oil, and textiles were imported, reflecting the kingdom's prosperous economy. This extensive trade network not only brought wealth but also facilitated cultural exchanges, contributing to Aksum's diverse and rich heritage.

[4] One of the most significant episodes in Aksumite history was King Ezana's military campaign against the Kingdom of Kush around 330 CE. This campaign resulted in the destruction of Meroë, the Kushite capital, which significantly expanded Aksum's influence in the region and strengthened its ties with Egypt and the Mediterranean world. Coinciding with this military success was Ezana's conversion to Christianity, making Aksum one of the earliest major empires to adopt Christianity as its state religion. This religious shift profoundly influenced Aksumite culture, leading to the construction of churches and the spread of Christian doctrine throughout the region.

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[5] The adoption of Christianity under King Ezana marked a turning point in Aksum's history. The influence of Christianity permeated Aksumite society, transforming its religious practices and architectural achievements. The Church of Maryam Tsion in Aksum became a significant religious site, and the Ge'ez script developed during this period is still used in Ethiopian religious texts. Christianity’s spread also strengthened Aksum's connections with other Christian regions, particularly the Byzantine Empire, reinforcing its position as a major power in the ancient world.

[6] Another significant event in Aksumite history was the kingdom's invasion of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen during the 6th century. Under King Kaleb, Aksum launched this campaign to protect local Christians from persecution by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas. Although initially successful, the campaign ultimately strained Aksum's military resources and led to conflict with the Persian Empire, which resulted in the loss of Aksumite territories in southern Arabia. This marked the beginning of Aksum's decline, as it struggled to maintain control over its expansive territories.

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[7] Despite its eventual decline, the legacy of the Kingdom of Aksum continues to shape the region, particularly through its religious and cultural contributions. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which traces its roots back to Aksum, remains a dominant religious force in Ethiopia today. This church, one of the oldest Christian institutions in the world, influences Ethiopian society deeply, from religious practices to cultural traditions. The architectural heritage of Aksum, including its towering stelae and monumental churches, stands as a testament to the kingdom's enduring impact.

[8] Aksum’s history as a powerful trading empire also has a lasting impact on the region's economic and geopolitical landscape. The strategic location of Ethiopia and Eritrea near the Red Sea remains vital for global trade routes, echoing Aksum's historical role as a bridge between Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This historical interconnectedness laid the groundwork for Ethiopia’s rich diversity, which includes influences from the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, and beyond. Today, Ethiopia leverages its geographic position to play a significant role in regional politics and economics, continuing the legacy of Aksum’s strategic importance in the ancient world.