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AAQ-Social Media and Self-Esteem

Question 1

Essay
Your response to the question should be provided in six parts: A, B, C, D, E, and F. Write the response to each part of the question in complete sentences. Use appropriate psychological terminology in your response.

Using the source provided, respond to all parts of the question.
Identify the research method used in the study.
State the operational definition of self-esteem.
Describe the meaning of the differences in the correlation coefficient of social media and self-esteem.
Identify at least one ethical guideline applied by the researchers.
Explain the extent to which the research findings may or may not be generalizable using specific and relevant evidence from the study.
Explain how at least one of the research findings supports or refutes the researchers’ hypothesis that social media affects self-esteem in teenagers.

Introduction
Social media is a major part of adolescents' lives, with over 90% using platforms like Facebook and Twitter. This study explores how social media use affects sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in teenagers. Previous research shows a link between general internet use and poor sleep, but this study focuses specifically on social media use.
5
Participants
The study involved 467 secondary school students aged 11-17. Younger students (11-15) completed surveys in class, while older students (15-17) completed them online. Parents were informed and could opt their children out. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant City Council.
Method
10
 Participants completed several questionnaires:
•	Sleep Quality: Assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which measures various aspects of sleep.
•	Anxiety and Depression: Measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
•	Self-Esteem: Evaluated using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).
15
•	Emotional Investment in Social Media: Measured using a modified version of the Social Media Use Integration Scale.
•	Social Media Use: Assessed overall and nighttime-specific usage through custom questionnaires.
Results and Discussions
20
The study found significant correlations:
•	Poorer sleep quality was associated with higher overall social media use, nighttime-specific use, and emotional investment in social media.
•	Increased social media use was linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression.
•	Emotional investment in social media was also associated with higher anxiety and depression levels.
One ethical consideration in this study is ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants' responses. Given the sensitive nature of the data on mental health and social media use, it is crucial to protect participants' identities and ensure that their personal information is not disclosed.
25
Introduction
Social media is a major part of adolescents' lives, with over 90% using platforms like Facebook and Twitter. This study explores how social media use affects sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in teenagers. Previous research shows a link between general internet use and poor sleep, but this study focuses specifically on social media use.
5
Participants
The study involved 467 secondary school students aged 11-17. Younger students (11-15) completed surveys in class, while older students (15-17) completed them online. Parents were informed and could opt their children out. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant City Council.
10
Method
 Participants completed several questionnaires:
Sleep Quality: Assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which measures various aspects of sleep.
Anxiety and Depression: Measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
15
Self-Esteem: Evaluated using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).
Emotional Investment in Social Media: Measured using a modified version of the Social Media Use Integration Scale.
Social Media Use: Assessed overall and nighttime-specific usage through custom questionnaires.
20
Results and Discussions
The study found significant correlations:
Poorer sleep quality was associated with higher overall social media use, nighttime-specific use, and emotional investment in social media.
Increased social media use was linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression.
25
Emotional investment in social media was also associated with higher anxiety and depression levels.
One ethical consideration in this study is ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants' responses. Given the sensitive nature of the data on mental health and social media use, it is crucial to protect participants' identities and ensure that their personal information is not disclosed.
Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). # Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of adolescence, 51, 41-49.

Correlations of Social Media Use with Psychological Measures
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