AAQ Cell - Phone Impact on Memory

Question 1

Essay

Using the source provided, respond to all parts of the question.
a.  Identify the research method used in the study.
b.  State the operational definition of memory recall.
c.  Describe the meaning of the differences in the means for the recall accuracy measured through a computerized memory span test.
d.  Identify at least one ethical guideline applied by the researchers
e.  Explain the extent to which the research findings may or may not be generalizable using specific and relevant evidence from the study.
f.  Explain how at least one of the research findings supports or refutes the researchers’ hypothesis that smartphone presence would impact memory recall accuracy.

Source 1.1

Introduction

The study aimed to examine the impact of smartphone presence on memory recall accuracy among undergraduate students. With the increasing prevalence of smartphone usage, there is a concern about its potential negative effects on cognitive functions, particularly memory. Previous research has shown mixed results regarding the effect of smartphone presence on memory performance, prompting this study to investigate further. The researchers hypothesized that participants with higher smartphone addiction and more frequent phone-conscious thoughts would exhibit lower memory accuracy.

Participants

A total of 119 undergraduate students (61 females, average age 20.67 years) from a private university in an Asian capital city participated in the study. All participants owned a smartphone and had no visual or auditory deficiencies. Participants reported using their smartphones for an average of 8.16 hours per day, with social networking being the most common activity (43.7%), followed by communication (31.1%) and entertainment (17.6%). Ethical approval was obtained, and all participants provided written consent before the study began.

Method

The study employed a mixed design with smartphone presence (present vs. absent) as the between-subjects factor and memory task as the within-subjects factor. Participants were randomly assigned to either the high-phone salience (HS) condition, where their smartphones were placed next to them, or the low-phone salience (LS) condition, where their smartphones were out of sight. The dependent variable was recall accuracy measured through a computerized memory span test. Additional measures included the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). Participants completed the tasks in a controlled environment, and their responses were recorded and analyzed.

Results

The study found that the presence of smartphones did not significantly affect memory recall accuracy overall. However, participants in the high-phone salience group reported higher levels of phone-conscious thoughts, which were associated with lower memory recall accuracy. Additionally, female participants spent more time using their smartphones compared to males. There was no significant difference in smartphone addiction scores between the two groups, indicating that high smartphone addiction did not directly correlate with lower memory recall accuracy.

Ethical Consideration

The study was conducted with the approval of the Department of Psychology Research Ethics Committee at Sunway University (approval code: 20171090). All participants provided written consent before participating, ensuring that they were fully informed about the study's purpose and procedures. Participants were not compensated for their involvement, maintaining the study's ethical integrity.

Graph

Below is a graph illustrating the average memory recall accuracy for participants in the high-phone salience (HS) and low-phone salience (LS) groups:

Source 1.2

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